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AUDE 5310 Embryology & Genetic Conditions > The Cell & Cell Structure > Flashcards

The Cell & Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

two main factors that cause HL

A

Infants may be born with hearing loss caused by a viral infection that was acquired during pregnancy - an environmental factor
At other times, the cause is genetic; the development of the auditory-vestibular system depends on sequential activation of multiple genes, problems with any one gene can cause a genetic hearing loss

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2
Q

How many genes need to be affected to cause a genetic HL

A

just one

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3
Q

something that happens later in life, after birth, environmental thing
meningitis - causes HL and can become deaf in one or both ears

A

Acquired HL

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4
Q

inherited it from parents and could be born with it or it could happen later in life
some cancer genes, but breast cancer is in older girls

A

genetic HL

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5
Q

why is HL complex?

A

because the process of hearing is complex

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6
Q

can HL be a combo of genetic and environmental factors?

A

YES
more susceptible to antiobiotics for example

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7
Q

How can understanding genetic causes of HL be important?

A

knowledge allows dr’s to inform families about chances of having children with HL and influences the way the HL is treated.
if person’s HL will get worse, sometimes predicted if the specific cause of it is known

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8
Q

syndromic condition

A

two or more systems are affected

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9
Q

nonsyndromic conditions

A

only one system is affected

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10
Q

is it common for kids to have genetic HL even if the parents do not?

A

YES
HL can be passed onto future generations

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11
Q

Why should we study cell biology in a genetics course in audiology?

A

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms

Genes control the shape, size, and function of cells
The study of cell structure and function helps us understand how genetic disorders disrupt the cellular processes

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12
Q

two main types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

have a plasma membrane (cell wall) but do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles (little organs - structures within cells)

A

prokaryotic cells

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14
Q

little organs - structures within cells

A

membrane-bound organelles

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15
Q

typically unicellular cells
most bacteria are this

A

prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

DNA is found in a coiled loop (chromosome) floating in the cytoplasm

A

prokaryotic cell

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17
Q

posses both a plasma membrane and nuclear membrane along with other organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

nucleus has dna

A

eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

all large complex species including humans have these cells

A

eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

where are human chromosomes found?

A

in the nucleus

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21
Q

body

A

soma

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22
Q

cells that differentiate into tissues and organs the body

A

somatic cells

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23
Q

Cells from which a new organism can develop
egg and sperm

A

germ cells

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24
Q

everything but your sex cells
cannot build new life

A

somatic cells

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25
Q

which cells can build a new life
organisms develop from here

A

germ cells

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26
Q

what are cells formed from

A

molecules

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27
Q

The last common ancestor of life on earth was
the closest thing to an autonomous biologic unit

A

cell

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28
Q

what do all cells use

A

same molecular building blocks
Similar methods for storage
Similar cell maintenance methods
Similar methods for expression of genetic information
Similar processes of energy metabolism
Similar methods for molecular transport and cell signaling
Similar processes for cell development and structure

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29
Q

how is genetic information expressed?

A

the way you look, walk, eye color, function etc is determined by genes

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30
Q

ow a gene shows up in the persona, how the gene manifests itself on the person

A

gene expression

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31
Q

expression of the gene that makes you function how you are

A

phenotype

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32
Q

how cells communicate with each other

A

cell signaling

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33
Q

how do cells help us understand why something went ary?

A

because at the cellular level, life is remarkably similar

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34
Q

the transfer of information from one cell to another

A

cell signaling

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35
Q

how do cells signal eachother?

A

by direct contact with eachother
by release of substance (hormone or NT) from one cell that is taken up by another cell

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36
Q

why do we need cell signlaing?

A

important for cells to grow and work normally

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37
Q

How do cells interact

A

cell signaling

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38
Q

junction bw two cells

A

synapse

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39
Q

how do receptors on a receiving cel l work

A

shape of it and NT have to match, if it doesnt meat it, the signaling will not happen and whatever it is signaling is the changing in the cell and therefore will not happen

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40
Q

dynamic and active component of cells
It prevents the free flow of molecules in and out of the cell
It controls the exchange of materials between the external environment and the cell

A

plasma membrane

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41
Q

compartment with a watery interior that is separated from the external environment by a surface membrane (or wall)

A

plasma membrame

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42
Q

what is the plasma membrane composed of

A

a bilayer (2 layers) of phospholipid molecules

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43
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g., lecithin

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44
Q

describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and a hydrophilic “head” consisting of a phosphate group

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45
Q

what is hydrophobic

A

water hating

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46
Q

what is hydrophilic

A

water loving

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47
Q

which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

A

tails

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48
Q

which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic

A

head

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49
Q

How do the two phospholipid layers orient

A

hydrophilic heads face toward the outer and inner surfaces of the plasma membrane
hydrophobic tails are buried within the interior of the membrane

50
Q

which part of the bilayer is exposed to the water

A

hydrophilic heads

51
Q

which part of the bilayer is the plasma membrane

A

hydrophobic core

52
Q

what are phospholipid membranes impermeable to

A

water (because they are water hateing)
all ions
all hydrophilic small molecules (how they control egressing and ingressing)

53
Q

what do proteins in the membrane do?

A

some allow specific ions and small molecules to cross through
others serve to attach cells to surrounding cells
others give the cell its shape or allow its shape to change

54
Q

why are proteins different shapes in the membrane/

A

different shapes are for different functions - they allow different ions to get through

55
Q

what gives cells their molecular identity?

A

molecules on the plasma membrane

56
Q

what are molecules cell properties important for

A

blood type
determination of compatibility in organ transplants

57
Q

what does the plasma membrane enclose

A

cytoplasm and organelles

58
Q

complex mixture of molecules and structural components

A

cytoplasm

59
Q

bilayer, made of phospholipid with hydrophobic and philic, multiple protein chains on it and these are responsible for given the cell the identity and controls what goes in and out of the cells (ions and molecules, etc.)

A

plasma membrane

60
Q

gives the form and shape to the cells

A

cytoskeleton

61
Q

system of microfilaments and microtubules that provide each cell strength and rigidity, helping each cell to maintain it’s characteristic shape

A

cytoskeleton

62
Q

helps anchor cellular structures and is important for organizing the cell

A

cytoskeleton

63
Q

cell motility is facilitated by

A

microfilaments

64
Q

are fine, thread-like protein fibers,
plays a role in cell motility & contractility.

A

microfilament

65
Q

straight, hollow cylinders found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
functions, ranging from transport to structural support.

A

microtubules

66
Q

Define the organelles
Control their ionic composition so that it is different

A

organelles

67
Q

Each has a unique set of proteins that enables it to carry out its function

A

organelle

68
Q

specialized structures within the cytoplasm

A

organelles

69
Q

Network of membranes that export protein from cells

A

ER

70
Q

associated with ribosomes
it functions in the synthesis and processing of proteins

A

Rough ER

71
Q

Lacks ribosomes
if functions in lipid synthesis (fat)

A

smooth ER

72
Q

synthesize and process proteins

A

Ribosomes

73
Q

factories that make your proteins

A

rough ER

74
Q

makes lipids

A

smooth ER

75
Q

made up of RNA and protein

A

ribosomes

76
Q

serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

77
Q

link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules

A

ribosomes

78
Q

Flattened membrane sacs that receive proteins from the ER
Proteins are further processed here before being forwarded to their final destination

A

golgi

79
Q

Membrane-enclosed sacs that contain digestive enzymes
They break down or recycle worn-out and obsolete cells parts

A

lysosomes

80
Q

Largest organelle surrounded by 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes

A

mitochondria

81
Q

Energy source of cells that produce most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

82
Q

what is ATP

A

energy source that is used to drive most energy-requiring cellular processes

83
Q

what were mitochondria originally

A

believed to originate as bacteria that took up residence in eukaryotic cells and over time became welcome collaborators

84
Q

genetic mutations to antibiotics form where

A

mitochondria

85
Q

still contain small genomes that encode essential proteins revealing their bacterial origins

A

mitochondria

86
Q

cell organelle involved in energy transformation

A

mitochondria

87
Q

contains our DNA

A

nucleus

88
Q

Largest, most prominent of the membrane-bounded organelles which characterize eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

89
Q

Responsible for growth and reproduction of the cell

A

nucleus

90
Q

Enclosed with a double membrane that allows direct communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

nucleus

91
Q

dense regions in the nucleus that synthesize ribosomes

A

nucleoli

92
Q

Dark strands and clumps of chromatin (chromosomes) are seen throughout here

A

nucleus

93
Q

Contains the cell’s genetic information (DNA) organized into genes that determines the shape, structure, and range of functions carried out by the cell

A

nucleus

94
Q

where is genetic information contained?

A

chromatin that turns into chromosomes in the nucleus

95
Q

complex of DNA and proteins that make up a chromosome is called

A

chromatin

96
Q

Chromatin are organized into

A

chromosomes

97
Q

rod-shaped microscopic structures carrying the genes that carry genetic information transmitted from generation to generation

A

chromosomes

98
Q

As the cell prepares to divide, the chromatin condenses and coils to form _______

A

chromosomes

99
Q

where do genes lie

A

on chromosomes

100
Q

How do individual chromosomes take the form of two chromatids?

A

individual chromosomes connect at the centromere to create the X formation

101
Q

consists of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule

A

chromosomes

102
Q

consists of two DNA strands joined together by their centromere

A

chromatid

103
Q

appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division
Specifically, it is the region where the cell’s spindle fibers attach.

A

centromere

104
Q

short arm of chromosomes

A

p arm

105
Q

long arm of chromosomes

A

q arm

106
Q

explain the 46 chromosomes in humans

A

22 pairs of autosomes
one pair (XX XY) are sex chromosomes

107
Q

what would you see on chromosome for down syndrome?

A

extra chromosomes of 21

108
Q

where chromatids join

A

centromere

109
Q

Number of sets of chromosomes in a biological cell

A

ploidy

110
Q

condition in which each chromosome is represented twice as a member of a homologous pair, one set from each parent

A

diploid

111
Q

humans are always _____

A

diploid

112
Q

One full set of chromosomes occurring in a mature germ cell or half the number of chromosomes (23) found in a normal somatic cell (22X or 22Y)

A

haploid

113
Q

general appearance of somatic chromosomes

A

karyotype

114
Q

identical

A

homologous

115
Q

chromosome disorders are diff than single gene mutations

A

true

116
Q

one gene on a chromosome that has gone ary, genetic mutation

A

single

117
Q

an extra or a lack of chromosome, most are not compatible with life because you have taken a whole bunch of genes

A

chromosome mutation

118
Q

how the gene will manifest, how you will look, function, behave, etc.

A

gene expression

119
Q

Describes alleles present in a gene

A

genotype

120
Q

genetic composition of an individual, i.e., the fundamental characteristic of an organism in terms of hereditary factors

A

genotype

121
Q

Describes the expression of an allele combination present in a gene

A

phenotype

122
Q

The manifest characteristics of an organism collectively, i.e., traits that result from both its hereditary and its environment – nature and nurture

A

phenotype

AUDE 5310 Embryology & Genetic Conditions (18 decks)

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