Fundamentals of Genetics Flashcards
genetics studies how
physical traits and diseases pass from generation to generation
what is genetics
the science of heredity
Genetics also is a study of molecules that examines
The make up genes and gene products (proteins)
How genes turn on/off
Population-based gene variations
Genes involved in biotechnology (agricultural/pharmaceutical)
what do genes control
what cells look like and what they do
what % of all humans are similar and what % is different??
99% similar, 1% different
no matter where you are or ethnicity etc.
genes are
the physical units of heredity
Genes, which are made up of DNA, provide instructions to make molecules called
proteins
The Human Genome Project estimates that humans have between _____ and ____ genes
20,000 & 25,000
Genes are a basic structural and functional unit of
genetics
how many copies of each gene do we have and where do they come from
two copies of each gene
one inherited from each parent
genetic info is composed of
defined deoxyribonucleic acid sequences and organized into
genes
a string of chemical building blocks or nucleotides in a DNA molecule
genes
how many nucleotides are in DNA
4
DNA stores info in form of
genetic code
what is each gene made up of?
a string of chemical building blocks or nucleotides
another term for a gene
allele
wild type allele
normal
allele that is present most commonly in wild and natural populations
what defines the type and sequence of amino acids
letters of each nucleotide
continuous unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
chain of many amino acids joined together
polypeptides
what action produces the characteristic traits we see that are passed down from feneration to generation
proteins
It is basically the genetic code that determines all the characteristics of a living thing
It is a large molecule in the shape of a double helix
DNA
what is a nucleotide
contains a sugar and phosphate molecule, which make up the ‘backbone’ of DNA, and one of four organic bases (that go into making the DNA)
repeating units of DNA
nucleotide
sections of DNA at each end of chromosomes that protect it during DNA replication by forming a cap
telomeres
why do chromosomes become shorter with each cell replication?
unable to replicate the DNA strand to its very end, resulting in the shortening of the chromosomes with each cell division due to loss of telomeres
The condition or process of deterioration with age. The loss of a cell’s power of division and growth.
senescence
slowing down period,, aging, deterioration and things ar enot functioning like they used to
senescence
what accompanies aging and could explain functional decline in most body organs?
repetitive sequence of telomeres lacks info for protein synthesis and protects genes internally
when length of telomere is too short, gene integrity is compromised and cell enters senescence
thus the reduction in the number of cells that can divide accompanies the above
why is there not as much interes in staying youthful younger and telomeres as before?
botox, filler, surgeries etc.
hallmark of ageing
telomere attrition
has an estimated heritability of 70%
telomere length, rest is dependent on lifestyle
what is a homologous pair
set of one maternal & one paternal chromosome that pair up inside a cell during meiosis
carries genes for the same trait in the same order
section of dna wrapped around a core of proteins
nucleosome
basic repeating subunit of chromatin
nucleosome
what is the backbone of dna
histones
DNA & protein
nucleosomes
4 bases
nucleotides
what is a genotype
It is the genetic makeup of an organism
It is the sum of genes transmitted from parent to offspring
what is a phenotype
It is the manifest characteristics of an organism collectively (expression of those genes, different in all of us)
Including anatomical and behavioral traits, that result from both its heredity and its environment
what is a karyotype
looks at all 46 chromosomes
chromosomes, diagram, number and structure of chromosomes
the product of genes
proteins
the intermediate between the genes and phenotype
genes
what is an example of a protein gene product
blood-clotting factors and digestive enzymes
what control the kinds and amounts of proteins present in cells
info encoded in teh dna
dictate what dna will do
genes
responsible for what you look like and building block of this comes from the genes
proteins
