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Biology > The Cell As The Basis Of Life > Flashcards

The Cell As The Basis Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What does MYBP mean?

A

Million years before present

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2
Q

Who used cell to refer to the smallest unit og life and when?

A

Robert Hooke, 1665

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3
Q

When was cell theory developed? & how many scientists work was it based on

A

1838, 3 ( Theodor Swann, Matthias Schleiden and Rudolph Virchow/remak)

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4
Q

How many initial rules to cell theory are there? & what are they?

A

3, living organisems are composed of cells, cells are the the most basic unit of  life & cells comefrom pre-existing cells

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5
Q

What are some types of cells that don’t conform to cell theory?

A

Striated muscle cell, giant algae ( acetabularia )& aseptate fungal hyphae

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6
Q

What idea does striated muscle tissue challenge

A

That cell has 1 nucleus as muscle cell (fibre) has more, it is multinucleted, is about 30m9 cony which is much larger than typical cell

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7
Q

What notions does acetabulari challenge? (Gigant algea)

A

That they must be simple in structure & small in size

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8
Q

What idea does aseptate fungal hyphae challenge?

A

That the cell is a single unit (has many nuclei, are very large & possess a continuous, no dividing cell Walls

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9
Q

Formula to calculate magnification

A

Magnification = size of drawing/actual size

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10
Q

What is unicellular & what is multicellular?

A

Single-celled & many-celled

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11
Q

Examples of unicellular organisms

A

Bacteria, archaea, Protozoa, uni cellular algae & fungi

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12
Q

7 life functions of living organisms

A

Metabolism, growth, response, homeostasis, nutrition, reproduction & excretion

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13
Q

What is a virus missing from being able to carry out all processes of life?

A

Metabolism & reproduction

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14
Q

What does it mean to be a heterotroph?

A

Feeds by takling in organic substances (usually other living things) found in environment

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15
Q

What are the criteria of being a unicellular organism?

A

Having only 1 cell that carries out all 7 functions of life

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16
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio

A

Sa: V, when cell expands volume expands but sa stays the same, thus cell must divide
R/3 = v/sa

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17
Q

What can increase sa?

A

Folds

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18
Q

How much does v& sa increase when all grows?

A

V is increased to the power of 3 (cubed) & sa to the power of 2 ( squared), thus sa:v ratio goes down

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19
Q

What is differentiation in reference to multicellular organisms

A

Process where unspecialised cells develop into cells w/ more distinct structure & function

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20
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

When whole organism can do more than individual cell is capable of due to interruption between the diff. Parts

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21
Q

What is genome

A

Complete set of genes, chromosomes or genetic material present in cell or organism

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22
Q

How do cells differentiate in multicellular organism?

A

They express some of their genes some of the time depending on function

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23
Q

Definition of stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell of multicellula-organism which can form more cells of the sane type indefinitely and other cells arise from (unspecialized cells)

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24
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment by regulating internal cell conditions

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25
Q

3 main differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells have a separate membrane-enclosed nucleus, DNA of prokaryotes is free floating in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells have a complex system of membrane-bound organelles that divides the cell into many enclosed regions (compartmentalisation)
Prokaryotes don’t have membrane - bound organelles

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26
Q

Can prokaryotes be unicellular, multicellular or both?

A

Unicellular

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27
Q

Can eukaryotes be unicellular, multicellular or both?

A

Both

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28
Q

Definition of prokaryotes

A

Simple unicellula-organism w/ no internal compartmentalisation, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

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29
Q

Where do the metabolic processes occur in a prokaryote?

A

Within the cytoplasm

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30
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually, Binary fission (split in half) to produce 2 genetically identical cells

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31
Q

Definition of eukaryote

A

Organism with complex cells in which genetic material is isolated from the cytoplasm by a membrane-bound structure (nucleus)

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32
Q

What is compartmentalisation?

A

.The formation of compartments within the cell by membrane - bound organelles

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33
Q

What are the 4 advantages of eukrayotic cells being compartmentalised?

A

Greater efficiency of metabolism, internal conditions (ex ph) can be differentiated in a hell to maintain optimal conditions for enzymes, isolation of toxic or damaging substances away from the cytoplasm, flexibility of changing the numbers & position of organelles within cell bases on requirements

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34
Q

What does a exocrine gland cell secrete & how is it able to do it?

A

Enzymes into a duct, enzymes = proteins thus it has well developed network of rough er for protein synthesis & Golgi apparatus that produces vesicles w/ these enzymes

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35
Q

What does a palisade mesophyll cell contain many of?

A

Chloroplasts

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36
Q

What is the chloroplasts site of?

A

Photosynthesis

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37
Q

What is the main function of the palisade mesophyll cells

A

To photosynthesise

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38
Q

Size of plant cell

A

10-100 micro meters

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39
Q

Size of animal cell

A

5-30 Micro meters

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40
Q

Rank smallest to largest: plant cell, animal cell, virus& bacteria

A

Virus < bacteria < animal cell < plant cell

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41
Q

What is the smallest measurable structure?

A

The atom

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42
Q

What kind of cell are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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43
Q

What is the plasma membrane & it’s basic functions?

A

Surrounds cell, keep away extra cellular fluid & contain intra cellular fluid, transport & controls movement of proteins in & out of cell

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44
Q

What are the different types of genetic material?

A

DNA ( single & double stranded), RNA (single or double stranded, genes

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45
Q

What does the cell need genetic material for?

A

To make proteins & certain structures which all need to be coded by genetic structures

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46
Q

What is the cytoplasme

A

The cells medium to contain all the organelles, cytosol & cytoskeleton. Filling of the cell

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47
Q

3 structures that must exist in all cells (prokrayotic & eukrayotic)

A

Organelles, cytosol & cytoskeleton

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48
Q

What does the lysosome do?

A

Protects cell from viruses, bacteria & other pathogens

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49
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The medium/solution that contains ions & various organic molecules

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50
Q

What is the cyto skeleton? What role does it play in cell division?

A

Protein based framework of structure which helps maintain shape & plays a key role in cell division & chromosome segregation, helps move chromosome away from each other to separate the cell

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51
Q

Info about prokaryotic cell: size, shape, where does it assemble its genetic material, DNA type,

A

Small, spherical/rodlike/spiral,nucleoid, prokaryotic chromosome

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52
Q

What is the central dogma of bio?

A

Transcription, translation & protein synthesis. Genetic flow goes one way DNA → RNA → proteins or RNA → protein

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53
Q

What does prokaryotic cells produce their ATP & chemical energy through?

A

Not mitochondrion (doesn’t have one), they use their plasma membrane

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54
Q

What is the endomembrane systems & what does it do?

A

Group of organelles & membranes that works together to modify, package & transport lipids & proteins. Nuclear envelope, rough er, smooth er, Golgi apparatus & vesicles

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55
Q

What 2 organelles are found in animal but not plant cells

A

Lysosomes & centrioles

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56
Q

What 3 structures/ organelles are found in plant but not animal cells?

A

Cell wall, central vacuole & chloroplasts

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57
Q

What is a virus? & how do they reproduce?

A

Infections particle that reproduce Via host cell machinery (genetic material encoded in the membrane)

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58
Q

What are 3 common structure in a virus? & which do all viruses have

A

Capsid ( all has ), genetic material ( all has) & envelope

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59
Q

What is the capsid made up of? & what are the 3 primary forms? (Viruses)

A

Proteins
1 ilosahedal 2 filamentous 3 bacteriophage ( head to tail )

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60
Q

What does the envelope do in relations to viruses? Where is it common?

A

Help bind virus to the host cell, animal viruses

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61
Q

2 mechanisms/cycles of viruses

A

Lytic cycle ( all goes through) & lysogenic cycle ( specific to bacterophages)

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62
Q

What is the membrane? & what is it made up of?

A

It is a selectively permeable barrier, lipid & proteins

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63
Q

Are membranes fluid or not & are they symmetric or not?

A

They are fluid & asymmetric

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64
Q

What 3 things does fluidity depend on?

A

Fatty acid type, temp, sterols

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65
Q

Functions of membrane proteins (4)

A

Transports, enzymes, signal transduction & attachment

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66
Q

What is passive membrane transport & why is it called passive?

A

Movement of substance across the membrane without need to expend chemical energy, passive as no energy is used

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67
Q

What does diffusion mean?

A

Net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

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68
Q

What is simple passive transport & what goes through?

A

Molecules approaching the phospholipid bylayer & seeping through without proteins present, non- polar goes through at a higher rate than polar, large molecules & ions/ charged molecules don’t make I through

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69
Q

Definition of active membrane transport

A

Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requires energy

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70
Q

What is the difference of cytoplasm found in eukaryotes & prokaryotes?

A

In eukrayates it is everything between the plasma membrane & nuclear envelope & in prokaryotes it is everything found in the plasma membrane

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71
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis

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72
Q

What drives passive membrane transport?

A

Diffusion / concentration gradient

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73
Q

What is facilitated passive membrane transport?

A

Transport where no energy is used but there are proteins involved.

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74
Q

What are the two types of protein involved in facilitated passive membrane transport?

A

Channel protein & carrier protein

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75
Q

How does facilitate passive membrane transport with channel protein work? & what are the 2 types?

A

The channel proteins allows passage through based on a concentration gradient. Gated & non gated. There is aquaporin which allows water to pass through & voltage-gated channels which is dependant on electrical stimulus

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76
Q

What ar the two conformations of the carrier protein?

A

Open & closed conformation

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77
Q

How does facilitated passive membrane transport with carrier protein work?

A

There is a binding site where molecules binds to & cause a conformational change to closed conformation where it then leaves the binding site & another conformational change happens. This is repeated for as long as the concentration gradient allows it

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78
Q

What are the two types of active membrane transport?

A

Primary & secondary

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79
Q

What at the two mechanisms secondary active membrane transport occurs by? & what is the difference between them

A

Symport & anti port: in symport the co-transported solute moves in same direction as the driving ion ( co-transport), in antiport the driving ion goes in one direction & the molecule being transport goes the other direction (exchange diffusion).
Anti port is used by ions and symport by molecules like glucose & amino acids

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80
Q

What is exocytosis & endocytosis?

A

How molecuus/ different vesicles are able to go outside & inside the cell

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81
Q

What is exolytosis

A

Molecules going outside the cell

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82
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Molecules going inside the cell

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83
Q

How does exocytosis work

A

Secretory reside goes to & fuses with the plasma membrane forming an open chain allowing molecules to exit

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84
Q

Other name for 2 types of bulk-phase endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis (drink) & phagocytosis (eat)

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85
Q

What at the two structure of endocytosis?

A

Bulk phase & receptor mediated

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86
Q

How does bulk-phase endocytosis work?

A

The membrane pockets inward enclosing the needed solute & forming the endocytic vesicle

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87
Q

How does receptor mediated endocytosis work?

A

Receptors on the outside bind with molecules. Clathrin molecules on the inside reinforces & facilitates the creation of an endocytic vesicle

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88
Q

Difference in energy resource used in primary vs secondary active transport?

A

Primary uses chemical energy (such as ATP) & secondary uses an electrochemical gradient

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89
Q

Difference between phagocytosis & pinocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis transport large cells & pinocytosis transport many small

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90
Q

What does the cell wall & capsule do in prokaryotic cells do?

A

Protect from damage with help of glycocalyx (polysaccharides sticking out off cell wall) & provides rigidity along with help sticking to other cells (again with help of glycocalyx )

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91
Q

What is the nuclear pore complex?(Eukaryotic cell )

A

Exchanges components between nucleus & cytoplasm & provides transport of things not meant to cross the nuclear membrane

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92
Q

What at the folds in the er & Golgi a& mitochondria called?

A

Cisternae

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93
Q

What is the space inside the er called?

A

Lumen

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94
Q

What are the two major functions of the smooth er?

A

Modify & synthesise lipids & convert/ metabolizes toxins into less toxic structures

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95
Q

When are the ribosomes attached to the er?

A

Only when they are synthesizing proteins/undergoing translation

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96
Q

What is the main function of the rough er?

A

Modify proteins

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97
Q

What is the function of Golgi a?

A

Vesicle with Proteins attack to the cis face ( wide side), releasing the proteins which pass along all the way to the other side/ trans face where they are split off into another vesicle. Along the way every are chemically modified which provides them a specific function

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98
Q

What do lysosomes do? & what do they consist of?

A

They hydrolize& digest complex molecules like proteins, lipids I toxins. They consist of 30 hydrolytic enzymes

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99
Q

What forms lysosome

A

The goligi a.

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100
Q

What is the ph of a eukaryotic cell?

A

7.2

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101
Q

What is the ph of lysosomes

A

5

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102
Q

How many membranes does a mitochondria have?

A

2 ( outer & inner)

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103
Q

What is the inside of the mitochondria called?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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104
Q

Where do the ATP generating reactions occur in the mitochondria?

A

In the matrix & cisterna

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105
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

A

DNA & ribosomes

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106
Q

What is the flagella made of?

A

A circle of 9 double microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtusules: 9+2 complex

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107
Q

What does the flagella arise from?

A

The centriole

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108
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton most important aNd present?

A

Eukaryotic animal cells

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109
Q

What are the 3 types of structural elements in the cytoskeleton & what are they made up of?

A

Microtubules (largest element) made up of alpha & beta dinners, intermediate filament made op of keratin, microfillament ( smallest element) made up of actin subunits
Micro filaments & microtubules have polarity

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110
Q

What is the function of central vacuole

A

To create pressure within the cell to provide support & storage of proteins, salts, sugars, acids, pigments & sometime waste products & enzymes

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111
Q

What ar the 3 periods of binary fission?

A

B period: growth, goes up to DNA replication
C period: replication, goes up to when the DNA goes to opposite ends of the cell
D period: cytoplasm division/ pinching of cell membrane

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112
Q

What at the 3 primary stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A

A. Interphase stage
1. G1 phase: function & growth until DNA replication
2. S phase: DNA replication
3. G2 phase: continues to synthesise RNA & proteins & grow, prepare prep for division
B. Mitosis stage
C. Cytokinesis

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113
Q

What phases of eukaryotic cell cycle is there no DNA replication?

A

The gap or growth phases so g1&g2 which are part of the interphase stage

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114
Q

Where does furrowing typically occur? ( part of mitosis)

A

Animal cells

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115
Q

What kind of cytokinesis typically happens in plant cells?

A

Cell plate formation

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116
Q

How do you know when you have gotten to the metaphase

A

When the nuclear envelope has disappeared

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117
Q

What is it called when the chromosomes a loose in structure? & what is the definition

A

Chromatin, DNA + protein

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118
Q

What 2 things does the chromatin consist of?

A

Histones linked by linker DNA

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119
Q

What is a homologous pair? And what is it made up of?

A

A pair of the same genes but different versions, 2 sister chromatid

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120
Q

What are alleles ?

A

Versions of genes

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121
Q

How is the number of chromosomes counted?

A

It is the same as the number of centromeres

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122
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Region of DNA in the middle of a homologous pair

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123
Q

What are Kinetochores?

A

Assembled proteins that ac assembled on the centromere part of DNA to attach microtubules

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124
Q

What does sexual reproduction depend on?

A

Meiosis

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125
Q

What a the sexual cells called?

A

Gametes

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126
Q

What does the gametes form when fertilized?

A

Zygotes

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127
Q

What are animal life cycles called?

A

Diploid

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128
Q

How many chromosomes do our cells have during the diploid phase/our life?

A

46

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129
Q

What cells divide during meiosis to form gametes? ( sperm & eggs )

A

Germ cells

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130
Q

What is asexual reproduction? & what cells go through it?

A

Mitosis, somatic cells, all cells except germ cells & reproductive cells,

131
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Sexual reproduction

132
Q

How many kinds of meiosis is there ?

A

2, all cells go through both

133
Q

When do the cells become haploid?

A

When they after meiosis 1 only have n chromosomes

134
Q

What is the main difference between meiosis 1 &2?

A

In meiosis 1 there is genetic recombination

135
Q

What is the definition of chromosome mapping?

A

Using recombination of offspring frequencies to make a linkage map of chromosomes showing relation location of genes

136
Q

What do you have after meiosis 1?

A

2 cells w/ haploid number of chromosomes

137
Q

What do you have after meiosis 2?

A

4 cells w/ haploid number of chromosomes

138
Q

Is meiosis a cycle?

A

No it produces gametes (sexcelles), part of a cycle

139
Q

What are the 3 main categories of sexual life cycles?

A

Diploid-dominant, haploid-dominant & alternation of generations

140
Q

What type of life cycles do humans & most animals have?

A

Diploid-dominant

141
Q

What type of life cycle does fungi & some algae have?

A

Haploid-dominant

142
Q

What type of life cycle does fungi & some algae have?

A

Alternation of generations

143
Q

What sets diploid-dominat if cycle apart?

A

Only haploid cells are the gametes

144
Q

What kind on DNA does a nucleus contain?

A

Linear

145
Q

What kind of cell is yeast?

A

Eukaryote

146
Q

What kind of DNA is found in mitochondria?

A

Circular

147
Q

3 things in the body that contains the most mitochondria

A

Heart, sperm & muscle cells

148
Q

What can be found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Protein, linear DNA & RNA

149
Q

Difference between eukaryotes & prokaryotes reproduction

A

Eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis /meiosis & prokaryotes through binary fission

150
Q

What kind of pump is found in prokaryotes?

A

H+ pump (proton pump)

151
Q

What kind of pump is found in eukaryotes?

A

Na+/K+ pump

152
Q

Eukaryotes include:

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi (mushrooms, mould, yeast )
Protists (amoebas, slime moulds & algae)

153
Q

How many belayers does the nucleus have?

A

2

154
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Dense part of the nucleus

155
Q

What is found on or as a part of the nucleus’ bilayer?

A

Phospholipids, ribosomes (rRNA (nucleic acid), proteins)

156
Q

What are the 2 things that make up the nuclear envelope?

A

Bilayer & nuclear pore

157
Q

What does the nuclear pore allow for?

A

Selective permeability

158
Q

What is the nuclear pore made of?

A

Proteins

159
Q

What can enter the nucleus through the nuclear pore?

A

Proteins & ions

160
Q

What can exit the nucleus through the nuclear pore?

A

Ribosomes(rRNA and proteins), mRNA, tRNA, ions

161
Q

What is the function of nucleolus?

A

Produceses 80s ribosomes

162
Q

What does the nucleolus contain?

A

DNA, protein, rRNA

163
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Doc wrap around histone proteins

164
Q

What does chromatin contain?

A

DNA, histones (proteins)

165
Q

Can RNA be found is the chromatin?

A

Yes

166
Q

What are the 2 types of chromatin?

A

heterochromatin & euchromatin

167
Q

What is the difference between euchromatin & heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin is transcribable, heterochromatin is non-transcripable

168
Q

What kind of chromatin is tightly packed?

A

heterochromatin

169
Q

Why is heterochromatin non-transcribable?

A

It is tightly packed making the genes not expressable

170
Q

Where is heterochromatin typically found?

A

Along the edges of the nucleus

171
Q

What kind of DNA is found in the nucleus?

A

Linear DNA

172
Q

What activities take place in the nucleus?

A

DNA replication
Transcription
Ribosome synthesis
Replicates in mitosis/meiosis

173
Q

What is the role of the nuclear envelope?

A

Separate nucleus from cytoplasm

174
Q

What are all membranes made of?

A

Phospholipids, proteins

175
Q

What is the difference between the outer & inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Outer is permeable to small molecules, inner is not

176
Q

What do the cristae of the inner membrane of the mitochondria do? & why?

A

Increase the surface area, electron transport chain becomes more efficient the more surface area there is

177
Q

What is found in the mitochondria matrix?

A

70s ribosomes, Circular DNA, RNA, proteins, coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) & products of the processes taking place in the matrix ( pyruvate decarboxylation & krebs cycle & ETC), Carbon molecules

178
Q

What processes take place in the mitochondria matrix?

A

Pyruvate decarboxylatation
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

179
Q

What is more correct for where the electron transport chain takes place, the matrix or inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Inner membrane

180
Q

Where do the genes in the mitochondria come from & what are they?

A

Maternal circular DNA, so only from your mother

181
Q

What activities take place in the mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
Replicates independently

182
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory & what is it’s relevance?

A

Mitochondria used to be it’s own cell, can therefore be treated as a prokaryote

183
Q

What is mtDNA?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

184
Q

What can be found in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

185
Q

What does the cis face of the Golgi app. Do?

A

Receives

186
Q

What does the trans face of the Golgi app. Do?

A

Sends

187
Q

What is found in vesicles?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, lipids, carbs

188
Q

How do vesicles form?

A

Form from budding off / endocytosis

189
Q

What is found in rough er?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, carbs, lipids, ribosomes, RNA (mRNA & tRNA & tRNA), nucleic acid

190
Q

What is found in smooth er?

A

Phospholipids, carbs, calcium ions, lipids

191
Q

What are the functions of the smooth er?

A

Carb metabolism
Ca2+ storage
Lipids synthesis
Detox

192
Q

What are the functions of the rough er?

A

Protein synthesis
Protein modification

193
Q

If a protein goes through the secretory pathway where is it destined for?

A

Er, Golgi, membrane, lysosome, outside

194
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

Protein & rRNA

195
Q

What does ribosomes associate with?

A

mRNA

196
Q

What are lysosomes made of?

A

Phospholipids, lytic enzymes (protein)

197
Q

What role does lysosomes have?

A

Digestive role

198
Q

Under what ph conditions do Lytic enzymes work?

A

Low ph

199
Q

What can lysosomes fuse with?

A

Different type of vesicles

200
Q

What does peroxisomes contain?

A

Phospholipids & enzymes

201
Q

What 2 enzymes are found in peroxisomes? & what do they do?

A

Oxidases: breaks down fats & amino acids which produceses hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)
Catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide

202
Q

What is the formula for breaking down hydrogen peroxide?

A

2 H2O2 - catalase → 2 H2O + O2

203
Q

What kind of proteins are microtubules made up of?

A

Tubulin

204
Q

What is a Dimer?

A

Association of 2 things

205
Q

What is the mitotic spindle made from?

A

MiCrotubules

206
Q

What are cilia & flagella made from?

A

Microtubules

207
Q

What are centrioles made from?

A

Microtubules

208
Q

What do 2 centrioles make?

A

A centrosome

209
Q

What are intermediate filaments made from?

A

Various monomers

210
Q

What is the role of intermediate filaments?

A

Create the nuclear lamina

211
Q

What a microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

212
Q

Which cells in the human body do not have a nucleus?

A

Red blood cells & cells is the lens of the eye

213
Q

What is the role of the cell wall in a plant cell?

A

Resist pressure & protect

214
Q

What is a cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose (carbs)

215
Q

What is the role of the central vacuole in plant cells?

A

Store water & provide structure

216
Q

How many membranes are in the chloroplast & what are their names? ( plant cells )

A

3, outer, inner & thylakoid

217
Q

What can be found in the stroma of the chloroplast? (Plant cell )

A

70 S ribosomes, circular DNA, RNA, protein, carbs, nadph

218
Q

What can be found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast? (Plant cell )

A

Phospholipids, proteins & chlorophyll

219
Q

What plant cell organelle can you think of as a prokaryote?

A

Chloroplast

220
Q

What activities take place in the stroma?

A

DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
Calvin cycle

221
Q

What are the activities of the chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

222
Q

What activity take place in the thylakoid membrane?

A

Light reaction

223
Q

Can the chloroplast produce some of their own proteins?

A

Yes

224
Q

How much can a light microscope magnify?

A

X1000

225
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

200 nm

226
Q

What kind of specimen can be studied using a light microscope?

A

Cells

227
Q

Pros of using a light microscope?

A

Can study living cells & you get Color images

228
Q

Cons of using a light microscope?

A

Limited magnification & resolution

229
Q

What does an electron microscope emit?

A

An electron beam

230
Q

Is the Max magnification of an electron microscope over 1000?

A

Way over

231
Q

Max resolution of electron microscope?

A

0.5 nm

232
Q

What specimens can be studied using an electron microscope?

A

Organelles, viruses & cell components

233
Q

Pros of using an electron microscope?

A

High resolution & magnification

234
Q

Cons of using a light microscope?

A

Colorless & kills the specimen

235
Q

What kind of image does a transmission electron microscope produce?

A

2d

236
Q

What kind of image does a scanning electron microscope produce?

A

3d

237
Q

Which is smaller, ribosome or virus?

A

Ribosome

238
Q

Are ribosomes & viruses smaller or bigger than 1 um?

A

Smaller

239
Q

What kind of microscope would you need to look at a ribosome or virus?

A

Electron microscope

240
Q

Size of bacteria & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

0.5-5 Um, light or electron microscope depending on size

241
Q

Size of mitochondria & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

0.5-10 um, light or electron microscope depending on size

242
Q

Size of sperm & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

2.3-3.5 um, light microscope

243
Q

Size of erythrocyte/red blood cell & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

7.5 um, light microscope

244
Q

Size of cheek cell & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

60 um, light microscope

245
Q

Size of ovum & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

120-150 um, light microscope

246
Q

Size of an amoeba & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

300 um, light microscope

247
Q

Length of nerve cell & what microscope would you need to look at them?

A

Up to 1m, light microscope

248
Q

How many meters is 1um?

A

10^-6 M

249
Q

1mm to micrometer

A

1mm=1000um

250
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A

Distance: longer distance = longer diffusion time
Temperature: higher temperature= faster diffusion time
Solvent properties: more viscous solvents= longer diffusion time
Particle properties: more massive partivles= longer diffusion time
Barrier: can slow or prevent diffusion
Concentrations difference: larger differnce= faster diffusion rate
Charge: charged particles move along electrochemical gradients

251
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water

252
Q

During osmosis from where to where does water move?

A

Area of high water concentration to low water concentration
Area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

253
Q

Is osmosis active or passive transport?

A

Passive

254
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Lower solute concentration

255
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

higher solute concentration

256
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Solution is in balance

257
Q

What happens to your blood cells if you are hypertonic?

A

The water leaves and the red blood cells shrivel up

258
Q

What happens to your blood cells if you are hypotonic?

A

Water goes into the red blood cells and they burst

259
Q

Are phospholipids static?

A

No they move laterally and can flip-flop

260
Q

Can non-polar molecules pass freely through the membrane?

A

Yes

261
Q

Can polar molecules pass freely through the membrane?

A

No, they rely on transport proteins

262
Q

Can ions pass freely through the membrane?

A

No, require a transport protein

263
Q

What do peripheral proteins do?

A

Recognition sites, receptors, support structures, enzymes etc.

264
Q

What are the two types of integral proteins?

A

Channels and transporters

265
Q

What are the roles of glycoproteins?

A

Cell-cell recognition, receptors, immune system function, cell signaling etc

266
Q

What are the roles of glycolipids?

A

Cell-cell recognition, receptors, immune system function, cell signaling etc

267
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

No

268
Q

Are viruses made of cell?

A

No

269
Q

What kind of nuclei acid is found in viruses?

A

DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, linear or circular

270
Q

What is a capsid & what is it made from? ( hint: viruses)

A

Protein casing for nuclei acid in viruses, made from capsomeres (protein monomers)

271
Q

What does the capsid of a helical shaped virus look like?

A

Cylinder

272
Q

What does the capsid of a icosahedral shaped virus look like?.

A

An icosahedron, has 20 faces

273
Q

What does the capsid of a complex shaped virus look like?

A

Complex shores, varies

274
Q

What does it mean that a virus is naked icosahedral?

A

No envelope, icosahedral shape

275
Q

What can viruses be classified by?

A

Capsid shape & genome structure

276
Q

What is the aim of a virus?

A

To get its nuclei acid into a genome of a cell

277
Q

Is the virus active or dormant in the lysogenic cycle?

A

Dormant

278
Q

How do bacteria phages reproduce?

A

The Lytic & lysogenic cycle

279
Q

Do all viruses engage in the lytic & lysogenic cycle?

A

No

280
Q

Example of retrovirus

A

HIV

281
Q

What is genome makeup of HIV?

A

2 single stranded linear RNA

282
Q

What is the shape of HIV?

A

Enveloped icosahedral

283
Q

What important enzymes are found in HIV?

A

Integrase, reverse transcriptase & protease

284
Q

How does HIV enter the cell?

A

Direct fusion which the envelope allows for

285
Q

What does reverse transcriptase make?

A

Double strand DNA from RNA

286
Q

How do HIV replicate? Explain in detail

A

Google answer or look at chart

287
Q

Difference between eukaryotic plasma membrane & prokaryotic plasma membrane?

A

Prokaryotic don’t have cholesterol or protein receptors

288
Q

Can eukaryotes have flagella?

A

Yes but it is less common than in prokaryotes

289
Q

How do prokaryotes produce ATP?

A

Glycolysis

290
Q

Do both prokaryotes & eukaryotes have glycolysis?

A

Yes

291
Q

How is DNA organized in prokaryotes?

A

Nucleoid proteins

292
Q

How is DNA organized in eukaryotes?

A

Histones & chromatin

293
Q

What are sex pili?

A

Pili which allow for chromosomes to transfer between 2 prokaryotes

294
Q

What is the F factor in prokaryotes & what does it allow it to do?

A

Fertility factor, allows for it to mate with other prokaryotes

295
Q

What is a prokaryote that has the F factor called?

A

F+ bacteria

296
Q

How is F factor transmitted between prokaryotes ? & from which to which?

A

Transmitted from F+ bacteria to the F- bacteria via conjugation, making it a F+ bacteria

297
Q

What do locomotive pili do in prokaryotes?

A

Allow for motion

298
Q

What is a fimbriae? (prokaryotes)

A

Pili reassembling, allows for adhesion/cohesion & motion

299
Q

What shape does a cocci bacteria/ prokaryote?

A

Ball shaped

300
Q

What shape does a bacilli bacteria/ prokaryote have?

A

Rod shape

301
Q

What is a gram positive bacteria?

A

Becomes purple when gram staining is performed due to thick cell wall

302
Q

What is a gram negative bacteria?

A

Becomes pink when gram staining is performed due to thick cell wall & have outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides (often toxic)
Harder for body to kill, more resistant to antibiotics

303
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular prokaryotic DNA

304
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

Nucleases that can cut DNA at specific sequences

305
Q

What are restriction enzymes used for?

A

Used by bacteria to destroy viruses & by humans to cut out specific genes

306
Q

What kind of molecule is NAD+?

A

Coenzyme

307
Q

Important about NAD+ structure

A

It is 2 nucleotides

308
Q

2 electron carriers

A

NAD+
FAD

309
Q

What is NADH oxidized to?

A

NAD+

310
Q

What is FADH2 oxidized to?

A

FAD

311
Q

What is NAD+ reduced & how many electrons are involved?

A

NADH, 2 electrons

312
Q

What is FAD reduced & how many electrons are involved?

A

FADH2, 2 electrons

313
Q

What kind of molecule is FAD?

A

Coenzyme

314
Q

Are ribosome larger in eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

315
Q

What kind of DNA & RNA can a viral genome have?

A

Both single & double stranded for both DNA & RNA

316
Q

Where is circular DNA found?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

317
Q

What is the mitochondrial genome comprised of?

A

Circular, histone -free DNA

318
Q

What happens to energy & biomass when you move up a trophic level?

A

Only 10% of consumed energy is transferred so one 1/10 of the previous biomass can be sustained
Less energy & less biomass

319
Q

Which components of a food chain represents the largest biomass?

A

Producers are found at the bottom and always have the largest biomass

320
Q

How much energy gets passed on from 1 tropic level to the next?

A

10%

321
Q

Does prokaryotic DNA contain intronic sequences?

A

No

322
Q

How do heterotrophic organisms acquire energy?

A

From organic substances produced by autotrophs

323
Q

How do autotrophs acquire energy?

A

They generate their own through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Biology (7 decks)

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