The Cell As The Basis Of Life Flashcards
(323 cards)
1
Q
What does MYBP mean?
A
Million years before present
2
Q
Who used cell to refer to the smallest unit og life and when?
A
Robert Hooke, 1665
3
Q
When was cell theory developed? & how many scientists work was it based on
A
1838, 3 ( Theodor Swann, Matthias Schleiden and Rudolph Virchow/remak)
4
Q
How many initial rules to cell theory are there? & what are they?
A
3, living organisems are composed of cells, cells are the the most basic unit of  life & cells comefrom pre-existing cells
5
Q
What are some types of cells that don’t conform to cell theory?
A
Striated muscle cell, giant algae ( acetabularia )& aseptate fungal hyphae
6
Q
What idea does striated muscle tissue challenge
A
That cell has 1 nucleus as muscle cell (fibre) has more, it is multinucleted, is about 30m9 cony which is much larger than typical cell
7
Q
What notions does acetabulari challenge? (Gigant algea)
A
That they must be simple in structure & small in size
8
Q
What idea does aseptate fungal hyphae challenge?
A
That the cell is a single unit (has many nuclei, are very large & possess a continuous, no dividing cell Walls
9
Q
Formula to calculate magnification
A
Magnification = size of drawing/actual size
10
Q
What is unicellular & what is multicellular?
A
Single-celled & many-celled
11
Q
Examples of unicellular organisms
A
Bacteria, archaea, Protozoa, uni cellular algae & fungi
12
Q
7 life functions of living organisms
A
Metabolism, growth, response, homeostasis, nutrition, reproduction & excretion
13
Q
What is a virus missing from being able to carry out all processes of life?
A
Metabolism & reproduction
14
Q
What does it mean to be a heterotroph?
A
Feeds by takling in organic substances (usually other living things) found in environment
15
Q
What are the criteria of being a unicellular organism?
A
Having only 1 cell that carries out all 7 functions of life
16
Q
What is the surface area to volume ratio
A
Sa: V, when cell expands volume expands but sa stays the same, thus cell must divide
R/3 = v/sa
17
Q
What can increase sa?
A
Folds
18
Q
How much does v& sa increase when all grows?
A
V is increased to the power of 3 (cubed) & sa to the power of 2 ( squared), thus sa:v ratio goes down
19
Q
What is differentiation in reference to multicellular organisms
A
Process where unspecialised cells develop into cells w/ more distinct structure & function
20
Q
What are emergent properties?
A
When whole organism can do more than individual cell is capable of due to interruption between the diff. Parts
21
Q
What is genome
A
Complete set of genes, chromosomes or genetic material present in cell or organism
22
Q
How do cells differentiate in multicellular organism?
A
They express some of their genes some of the time depending on function
23
Q
Definition of stem cell
A
Undifferentiated cell of multicellula-organism which can form more cells of the sane type indefinitely and other cells arise from (unspecialized cells)
24
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
Maintenance of a constant internal environment by regulating internal cell conditions
25
3 main differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have a separate membrane-enclosed nucleus, DNA of prokaryotes is free floating in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells have a complex system of membrane-bound organelles that divides the cell into many enclosed regions (compartmentalisation)
Prokaryotes don't have membrane - bound organelles
26
Can prokaryotes be unicellular, multicellular or both?
Unicellular
27
Can eukaryotes be unicellular, multicellular or both?
Both
28
Definition of prokaryotes
Simple unicellula-organism w/ no internal compartmentalisation, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
29
Where do the metabolic processes occur in a prokaryote?
Within the cytoplasm
30
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Asexually, Binary fission (split in half) to produce 2 genetically identical cells
31
Definition of eukaryote
Organism with complex cells in which genetic material is isolated from the cytoplasm by a membrane-bound structure (nucleus)
32
What is compartmentalisation?
.The formation of compartments within the cell by membrane - bound organelles
33
What are the 4 advantages of eukrayotic cells being compartmentalised?
Greater efficiency of metabolism, internal conditions (ex ph) can be differentiated in a hell to maintain optimal conditions for enzymes, isolation of toxic or damaging substances away from the cytoplasm, flexibility of changing the numbers & position of organelles within cell bases on requirements
34
What does a exocrine gland cell secrete & how is it able to do it?
Enzymes into a duct, enzymes = proteins thus it has well developed network of rough er for protein synthesis & Golgi apparatus that produces vesicles w/ these enzymes
35
What does a palisade mesophyll cell contain many of?
Chloroplasts
36
What is the chloroplasts site of?
Photosynthesis
37
What is the main function of the palisade mesophyll cells
To photosynthesise
38
Size of plant cell
10-100 micro meters
39
Size of animal cell
5-30 Micro meters
40
Rank smallest to largest: plant cell, animal cell, virus& bacteria
Virus < bacteria < animal cell < plant cell
41
What is the smallest measurable structure?
The atom
42
What kind of cell are bacteria?
Prokaryotic cell
43
What is the plasma membrane & it's basic functions?
Surrounds cell, keep away extra cellular fluid & contain intra cellular fluid, transport & controls movement of proteins in & out of cell
44
What are the different types of genetic material?
DNA ( single & double stranded), RNA (single or double stranded, genes
45
What does the cell need genetic material for?
To make proteins & certain structures which all need to be coded by genetic structures
46
What is the cytoplasme
The cells medium to contain all the organelles, cytosol & cytoskeleton. Filling of the cell
47
3 structures that must exist in all cells (prokrayotic & eukrayotic)
Organelles, cytosol & cytoskeleton
48
What does the lysosome do?
Protects cell from viruses, bacteria & other pathogens
49
What is the cytosol?
The medium/solution that contains ions & various organic molecules
50
What is the cyto skeleton? What role does it play in cell division?
Protein based framework of structure which helps maintain shape & plays a key role in cell division & chromosome segregation, helps move chromosome away from each other to separate the cell
51
Info about prokaryotic cell: size, shape, where does it assemble its genetic material, DNA type,
Small, spherical/rodlike/spiral,nucleoid, prokaryotic chromosome
52
What is the central dogma of bio?
Transcription, translation & protein synthesis. Genetic flow goes one way DNA → RNA → proteins or RNA → protein
53
What does prokaryotic cells produce their ATP & chemical energy through?
Not mitochondrion (doesn't have one), they use their plasma membrane
54
What is the endomembrane systems & what does it do?
Group of organelles & membranes that works together to modify, package & transport lipids & proteins. Nuclear envelope, rough er, smooth er, Golgi apparatus & vesicles
55
What 2 organelles are found in animal but not plant cells
Lysosomes & centrioles
56
What 3 structures/ organelles are found in plant but not animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole & chloroplasts
57
What is a virus? & how do they reproduce?
Infections particle that reproduce Via host cell machinery (genetic material encoded in the membrane)
58
What are 3 common structure in a virus? & which do all viruses have
Capsid ( all has ), genetic material ( all has) & envelope
59
What is the capsid made up of? & what are the 3 primary forms? (Viruses)
Proteins
1 ilosahedal 2 filamentous 3 bacteriophage ( head to tail )
60
What does the envelope do in relations to viruses? Where is it common?
Help bind virus to the host cell, animal viruses
61
2 mechanisms/cycles of viruses
Lytic cycle ( all goes through) & lysogenic cycle ( specific to bacterophages)
62
What is the membrane? & what is it made up of?
It is a selectively permeable barrier, lipid & proteins
63
Are membranes fluid or not & are they symmetric or not?
They are fluid & asymmetric
64
What 3 things does fluidity depend on?
Fatty acid type, temp, sterols
65
Functions of membrane proteins (4)
Transports, enzymes, signal transduction & attachment
66
What is passive membrane transport & why is it called passive?
Movement of substance across the membrane without need to expend chemical energy, passive as no energy is used
67
What does diffusion mean?
Net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
68
What is simple passive transport & what goes through?
Molecules approaching the phospholipid bylayer & seeping through without proteins present, non- polar goes through at a higher rate than polar, large molecules & ions/ charged molecules don't make I through
69
Definition of active membrane transport
Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requires energy
70
What is the difference of cytoplasm found in eukaryotes & prokaryotes?
In eukrayates it is everything between the plasma membrane & nuclear envelope & in prokaryotes it is everything found in the plasma membrane
71
What are ribosomes responsible for?
Protein synthesis
72
What drives passive membrane transport?
Diffusion / concentration gradient
73
What is facilitated passive membrane transport?
Transport where no energy is used but there are proteins involved.
74
What are the two types of protein involved in facilitated passive membrane transport?
Channel protein & carrier protein
75
How does facilitate passive membrane transport with channel protein work? & what are the 2 types?
The channel proteins allows passage through based on a concentration gradient. Gated & non gated. There is aquaporin which allows water to pass through & voltage-gated channels which is dependant on electrical stimulus
76
What ar the two conformations of the carrier protein?
Open & closed conformation
77
How does facilitated passive membrane transport with carrier protein work?
There is a binding site where molecules binds to & cause a conformational change to closed conformation where it then leaves the binding site & another conformational change happens. This is repeated for as long as the concentration gradient allows it
78
What are the two types of active membrane transport?
Primary & secondary
79
What at the two mechanisms secondary active membrane transport occurs by? & what is the difference between them
Symport & anti port: in symport the co-transported solute moves in same direction as the driving ion ( co-transport), in antiport the driving ion goes in one direction & the molecule being transport goes the other direction (exchange diffusion).
Anti port is used by ions and symport by molecules like glucose & amino acids
80
What is exocytosis & endocytosis?
How molecuus/ different vesicles are able to go outside & inside the cell
81
What is exolytosis
Molecules going outside the cell
82
What is endocytosis
Molecules going inside the cell
83
How does exocytosis work
Secretory reside goes to & fuses with the plasma membrane forming an open chain allowing molecules to exit
84
Other name for 2 types of bulk-phase endocytosis
Pinocytosis (drink) & phagocytosis (eat)
85
What at the two structure of endocytosis?
Bulk phase & receptor mediated
86
How does bulk-phase endocytosis work?
The membrane pockets inward enclosing the needed solute & forming the endocytic vesicle
87
How does receptor mediated endocytosis work?
Receptors on the outside bind with molecules. Clathrin molecules on the inside reinforces & facilitates the creation of an endocytic vesicle
88
Difference in energy resource used in primary vs secondary active transport?
Primary uses chemical energy (such as ATP) & secondary uses an electrochemical gradient
89
Difference between phagocytosis & pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis transport large cells & pinocytosis transport many small
90
What does the cell wall & capsule do in prokaryotic cells do?
Protect from damage with help of glycocalyx (polysaccharides sticking out off cell wall) & provides rigidity along with help sticking to other cells (again with help of glycocalyx )
91
What is the nuclear pore complex?(Eukaryotic cell )
Exchanges components between nucleus & cytoplasm & provides transport of things not meant to cross the nuclear membrane
92
What at the folds in the er & Golgi a& mitochondria called?
Cisternae
93
What is the space inside the er called?
Lumen
94
What are the two major functions of the smooth er?
Modify & synthesise lipids & convert/ metabolizes toxins into less toxic structures
95
When are the ribosomes attached to the er?
Only when they are synthesizing proteins/undergoing translation
96
What is the main function of the rough er?
Modify proteins
97
What is the function of Golgi a?
Vesicle with Proteins attack to the cis face ( wide side), releasing the proteins which pass along all the way to the other side/ trans face where they are split off into another vesicle. Along the way every are chemically modified which provides them a specific function
98
What do lysosomes do? & what do they consist of?
They hydrolize& digest complex molecules like proteins, lipids I toxins. They consist of 30 hydrolytic enzymes
99
What forms lysosome
The goligi a.
100
What is the ph of a eukaryotic cell?
7.2
101
What is the ph of lysosomes
5
102
How many membranes does a mitochondria have?
2 ( outer & inner)
103
What is the inside of the mitochondria called?
Mitochondrial matrix
104
Where do the ATP generating reactions occur in the mitochondria?
In the matrix & cisterna
105
What does the mitochondrial matrix contain?
DNA & ribosomes
106
What is the flagella made of?
A circle of 9 double microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtusules: 9+2 complex
107
What does the flagella arise from?
The centriole
108
Where is the cytoskeleton most important aNd present?
Eukaryotic animal cells
109
What are the 3 types of structural elements in the cytoskeleton & what are they made up of?
Microtubules (largest element) made up of alpha & beta dinners, intermediate filament made op of keratin, microfillament ( smallest element) made up of actin subunits
Micro filaments & microtubules have polarity
110
What is the function of central vacuole
To create pressure within the cell to provide support & storage of proteins, salts, sugars, acids, pigments & sometime waste products & enzymes
111
What ar the 3 periods of binary fission?
B period: growth, goes up to DNA replication
C period: replication, goes up to when the DNA goes to opposite ends of the cell
D period: cytoplasm division/ pinching of cell membrane
112
What at the 3 primary stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
A. Interphase stage
1. G1 phase: function & growth until DNA replication
2. S phase: DNA replication
3. G2 phase: continues to synthesise RNA & proteins & grow, prepare prep for division
B. Mitosis stage
C. Cytokinesis
113
What phases of eukaryotic cell cycle is there no DNA replication?
The gap or growth phases so g1&g2 which are part of the interphase stage
114
Where does furrowing typically occur? ( part of mitosis)
Animal cells
115
What kind of cytokinesis typically happens in plant cells?
Cell plate formation
116
How do you know when you have gotten to the metaphase
When the nuclear envelope has disappeared
117
What is it called when the chromosomes a loose in structure? & what is the definition
Chromatin, DNA + protein
118
What 2 things does the chromatin consist of?
Histones linked by linker DNA
119
What is a homologous pair? And what is it made up of?
A pair of the same genes but different versions, 2 sister chromatid
120
What are alleles ?
Versions of genes
121
How is the number of chromosomes counted?
It is the same as the number of centromeres
122
What is the centromere?
Region of DNA in the middle of a homologous pair
123
What are Kinetochores?
Assembled proteins that ac assembled on the centromere part of DNA to attach microtubules
124
What does sexual reproduction depend on?
Meiosis
125
What a the sexual cells called?
Gametes
126
What does the gametes form when fertilized?
Zygotes
127
What are animal life cycles called?
Diploid
128
How many chromosomes do our cells have during the diploid phase/our life?
46
129
What cells divide during meiosis to form gametes? ( sperm & eggs )
Germ cells
130
What is asexual reproduction? & what cells go through it?
Mitosis, somatic cells, all cells except germ cells & reproductive cells,
131
What is meiosis?
Sexual reproduction
132
How many kinds of meiosis is there ?
2, all cells go through both
133
When do the cells become haploid?
When they after meiosis 1 only have n chromosomes
134
What is the main difference between meiosis 1 &2?
In meiosis 1 there is genetic recombination
135
What is the definition of chromosome mapping?
Using recombination of offspring frequencies to make a linkage map of chromosomes showing relation location of genes
136
What do you have after meiosis 1?
2 cells w/ haploid number of chromosomes
137
What do you have after meiosis 2?
4 cells w/ haploid number of chromosomes
138
Is meiosis a cycle?
No it produces gametes (sexcelles), part of a cycle
139
What are the 3 main categories of sexual life cycles?
Diploid-dominant, haploid-dominant & alternation of generations
140
What type of life cycles do humans & most animals have?
Diploid-dominant
141
What type of life cycle does fungi & some algae have?
Haploid-dominant
142
What type of life cycle does fungi & some algae have?
Alternation of generations
143
What sets diploid-dominat if cycle apart?
Only haploid cells are the gametes
144
What kind on DNA does a nucleus contain?
Linear
145
What kind of cell is yeast?
Eukaryote
146
What kind of DNA is found in mitochondria?
Circular
147
3 things in the body that contains the most mitochondria
Heart, sperm & muscle cells
148
What can be found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
Protein, linear DNA & RNA
149
Difference between eukaryotes & prokaryotes reproduction
Eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis /meiosis & prokaryotes through binary fission
150
What kind of pump is found in prokaryotes?
H+ pump (proton pump)
151
What kind of pump is found in eukaryotes?
Na+/K+ pump
152
Eukaryotes include:
Animals
Plants
Fungi (mushrooms, mould, yeast )
Protists (amoebas, slime moulds & algae)
153
How many belayers does the nucleus have?
2
154
What is the nucleolus?
Dense part of the nucleus
155
What is found on or as a part of the nucleus' bilayer?
Phospholipids, ribosomes (rRNA (nucleic acid), proteins)
156
What are the 2 things that make up the nuclear envelope?
Bilayer & nuclear pore
157
What does the nuclear pore allow for?
Selective permeability
158
What is the nuclear pore made of?
Proteins
159
What can enter the nucleus through the nuclear pore?
Proteins & ions
160
What can exit the nucleus through the nuclear pore?
Ribosomes(rRNA and proteins), mRNA, tRNA, ions
161
What is the function of nucleolus?
Produceses 80s ribosomes
162
What does the nucleolus contain?
DNA, protein, rRNA
163
What is chromatin?
Doc wrap around histone proteins
164
What does chromatin contain?
DNA, histones (proteins)
165
Can RNA be found is the chromatin?
Yes
166
What are the 2 types of chromatin?
heterochromatin & euchromatin
167
What is the difference between euchromatin & heterochromatin?
Euchromatin is transcribable, heterochromatin is non-transcripable
168
What kind of chromatin is tightly packed?
heterochromatin
169
Why is heterochromatin non-transcribable?
It is tightly packed making the genes not expressable
170
Where is heterochromatin typically found?
Along the edges of the nucleus
171
What kind of DNA is found in the nucleus?
Linear DNA
172
What activities take place in the nucleus?
DNA replication
Transcription
Ribosome synthesis
Replicates in mitosis/meiosis
173
What is the role of the nuclear envelope?
Separate nucleus from cytoplasm
174
What are all membranes made of?
Phospholipids, proteins
175
What is the difference between the outer & inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Outer is permeable to small molecules, inner is not
176
What do the cristae of the inner membrane of the mitochondria do? & why?
Increase the surface area, electron transport chain becomes more efficient the more surface area there is
177
What is found in the mitochondria matrix?
70s ribosomes, Circular DNA, RNA, proteins, coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) & products of the processes taking place in the matrix ( pyruvate decarboxylation & krebs cycle & ETC), Carbon molecules
178
What processes take place in the mitochondria matrix?
Pyruvate decarboxylatation
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
179
What is more correct for where the electron transport chain takes place, the matrix or inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Inner membrane
180
Where do the genes in the mitochondria come from & what are they?
Maternal circular DNA, so only from your mother
181
What activities take place in the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
Replicates independently
182
What is endosymbiotic theory & what is it's relevance?
Mitochondria used to be it's own cell, can therefore be treated as a prokaryote
183
What is mtDNA?
Mitochondrial DNA
184
What can be found in the Golgi apparatus?
Phospholipids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
185
What does the cis face of the Golgi app. Do?
Receives
186
What does the trans face of the Golgi app. Do?
Sends
187
What is found in vesicles?
Phospholipids, proteins, lipids, carbs
188
How do vesicles form?
Form from budding off / endocytosis
189
What is found in rough er?
Phospholipids, proteins, carbs, lipids, ribosomes, RNA (mRNA & tRNA & tRNA), nucleic acid
190
What is found in smooth er?
Phospholipids, carbs, calcium ions, lipids
191
What are the functions of the smooth er?
Carb metabolism
Ca2+ storage
Lipids synthesis
Detox
192
What are the functions of the rough er?
Protein synthesis
Protein modification
193
If a protein goes through the secretory pathway where is it destined for?
Er, Golgi, membrane, lysosome, outside
194
What do ribosomes contain?
Protein & rRNA
195
What does ribosomes associate with?
mRNA
196
What are lysosomes made of?
Phospholipids, lytic enzymes (protein)
197
What role does lysosomes have?
Digestive role
198
Under what ph conditions do Lytic enzymes work?
Low ph
199
What can lysosomes fuse with?
Different type of vesicles
200
What does peroxisomes contain?
Phospholipids & enzymes
201
What 2 enzymes are found in peroxisomes? & what do they do?
Oxidases: breaks down fats & amino acids which produceses hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)
Catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide
202
What is the formula for breaking down hydrogen peroxide?
2 H2O2 - catalase → 2 H2O + O2
203
What kind of proteins are microtubules made up of?
Tubulin
204
What is a Dimer?
Association of 2 things
205
What is the mitotic spindle made from?
MiCrotubules
206
What are cilia & flagella made from?
Microtubules
207
What are centrioles made from?
Microtubules
208
What do 2 centrioles make?
A centrosome
209
What are intermediate filaments made from?
Various monomers
210
What is the role of intermediate filaments?
Create the nuclear lamina
211
What a microfilaments made of?
Actin
212
Which cells in the human body do not have a nucleus?
Red blood cells & cells is the lens of the eye
213
What is the role of the cell wall in a plant cell?
Resist pressure & protect
214
What is a cell wall made of?
Cellulose (carbs)
215
What is the role of the central vacuole in plant cells?
Store water & provide structure
216
How many membranes are in the chloroplast & what are their names? ( plant cells )
3, outer, inner & thylakoid
217
What can be found in the stroma of the chloroplast? (Plant cell )
70 S ribosomes, circular DNA, RNA, protein, carbs, nadph
218
What can be found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast? (Plant cell )
Phospholipids, proteins & chlorophyll
219
What plant cell organelle can you think of as a prokaryote?
Chloroplast
220
What activities take place in the stroma?
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
Calvin cycle
221
What are the activities of the chloroplast?
Photosynthesis
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
222
What activity take place in the thylakoid membrane?
Light reaction
223
Can the chloroplast produce some of their own proteins?
Yes
224
How much can a light microscope magnify?
X1000
225
What is the resolution of a light microscope?
200 nm
226
What kind of specimen can be studied using a light microscope?
Cells
227
Pros of using a light microscope?
Can study living cells & you get Color images
228
Cons of using a light microscope?
Limited magnification & resolution
229
What does an electron microscope emit?
An electron beam
230
Is the Max magnification of an electron microscope over 1000?
Way over
231
Max resolution of electron microscope?
0.5 nm
232
What specimens can be studied using an electron microscope?
Organelles, viruses & cell components
233
Pros of using an electron microscope?
High resolution & magnification
234
Cons of using a light microscope?
Colorless & kills the specimen
235
What kind of image does a transmission electron microscope produce?
2d
236
What kind of image does a scanning electron microscope produce?
3d
237
Which is smaller, ribosome or virus?
Ribosome
238
Are ribosomes & viruses smaller or bigger than 1 um?
Smaller
239
What kind of microscope would you need to look at a ribosome or virus?
Electron microscope
240
Size of bacteria & what microscope would you need to look at them?
0.5-5 Um, light or electron microscope depending on size
241
Size of mitochondria & what microscope would you need to look at them?
0.5-10 um, light or electron microscope depending on size
242
Size of sperm & what microscope would you need to look at them?
2.3-3.5 um, light microscope
243
Size of erythrocyte/red blood cell & what microscope would you need to look at them?
7.5 um, light microscope
244
Size of cheek cell & what microscope would you need to look at them?
60 um, light microscope
245
Size of ovum & what microscope would you need to look at them?
120-150 um, light microscope
246
Size of an amoeba & what microscope would you need to look at them?
300 um, light microscope
247
Length of nerve cell & what microscope would you need to look at them?
Up to 1m, light microscope
248
How many meters is 1um?
10^-6 M
249
1mm to micrometer
1mm=1000um
250
What factors affect diffusion?
Distance: longer distance = longer diffusion time
Temperature: higher temperature= faster diffusion time
Solvent properties: more viscous solvents= longer diffusion time
Particle properties: more massive partivles= longer diffusion time
Barrier: can slow or prevent diffusion
Concentrations difference: larger differnce= faster diffusion rate
Charge: charged particles move along electrochemical gradients
251
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water
252
During osmosis from where to where does water move?
Area of high water concentration to low water concentration
Area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
253
Is osmosis active or passive transport?
Passive
254
What does hypotonic mean?
Lower solute concentration
255
What does hypertonic mean?
higher solute concentration
256
What does isotonic mean?
Solution is in balance
257
What happens to your blood cells if you are hypertonic?
The water leaves and the red blood cells shrivel up
258
What happens to your blood cells if you are hypotonic?
Water goes into the red blood cells and they burst
259
Are phospholipids static?
No they move laterally and can flip-flop
260
Can non-polar molecules pass freely through the membrane?
Yes
261
Can polar molecules pass freely through the membrane?
No, they rely on transport proteins
262
Can ions pass freely through the membrane?
No, require a transport protein
263
What do peripheral proteins do?
Recognition sites, receptors, support structures, enzymes etc.
264
What are the two types of integral proteins?
Channels and transporters
265
What are the roles of glycoproteins?
Cell-cell recognition, receptors, immune system function, cell signaling etc
266
What are the roles of glycolipids?
Cell-cell recognition, receptors, immune system function, cell signaling etc
267
Are viruses cells?
No
268
Are viruses made of cell?
No
269
What kind of nuclei acid is found in viruses?
DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, linear or circular
270
What is a capsid & what is it made from? ( hint: viruses)
Protein casing for nuclei acid in viruses, made from capsomeres (protein monomers)
271
What does the capsid of a helical shaped virus look like?
Cylinder
272
What does the capsid of a icosahedral shaped virus look like?.
An icosahedron, has 20 faces
273
What does the capsid of a complex shaped virus look like?
Complex shores, varies
274
What does it mean that a virus is naked icosahedral?
No envelope, icosahedral shape
275
What can viruses be classified by?
Capsid shape & genome structure
276
What is the aim of a virus?
To get its nuclei acid into a genome of a cell
277
Is the virus active or dormant in the lysogenic cycle?
Dormant
278
How do bacteria phages reproduce?
The Lytic & lysogenic cycle
279
Do all viruses engage in the lytic & lysogenic cycle?
No
280
Example of retrovirus
HIV
281
What is genome makeup of HIV?
2 single stranded linear RNA
282
What is the shape of HIV?
Enveloped icosahedral
283
What important enzymes are found in HIV?
Integrase, reverse transcriptase & protease
284
How does HIV enter the cell?
Direct fusion which the envelope allows for
285
What does reverse transcriptase make?
Double strand DNA from RNA
286
How do HIV replicate? Explain in detail
Google answer or look at chart
287
Difference between eukaryotic plasma membrane & prokaryotic plasma membrane?
Prokaryotic don't have cholesterol or protein receptors
288
Can eukaryotes have flagella?
Yes but it is less common than in prokaryotes
289
How do prokaryotes produce ATP?
Glycolysis
290
Do both prokaryotes & eukaryotes have glycolysis?
Yes
291
How is DNA organized in prokaryotes?
Nucleoid proteins
292
How is DNA organized in eukaryotes?
Histones & chromatin
293
What are sex pili?
Pili which allow for chromosomes to transfer between 2 prokaryotes
294
What is the F factor in prokaryotes & what does it allow it to do?
Fertility factor, allows for it to mate with other prokaryotes
295
What is a prokaryote that has the F factor called?
F+ bacteria
296
How is F factor transmitted between prokaryotes ? & from which to which?
Transmitted from F+ bacteria to the F- bacteria via conjugation, making it a F+ bacteria
297
What do locomotive pili do in prokaryotes?
Allow for motion
298
What is a fimbriae? (prokaryotes)
Pili reassembling, allows for adhesion/cohesion & motion
299
What shape does a cocci bacteria/ prokaryote?
Ball shaped
300
What shape does a bacilli bacteria/ prokaryote have?
Rod shape
301
What is a gram positive bacteria?
Becomes purple when gram staining is performed due to thick cell wall
302
What is a gram negative bacteria?
Becomes pink when gram staining is performed due to thick cell wall & have outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides (often toxic)
Harder for body to kill, more resistant to antibiotics
303
What are plasmids?
Circular prokaryotic DNA
304
What are restriction enzymes?
Nucleases that can cut DNA at specific sequences
305
What are restriction enzymes used for?
Used by bacteria to destroy viruses & by humans to cut out specific genes
306
What kind of molecule is NAD+?
Coenzyme
307
Important about NAD+ structure
It is 2 nucleotides
308
2 electron carriers
NAD+
FAD
309
What is NADH oxidized to?
NAD+
310
What is FADH2 oxidized to?
FAD
311
What is NAD+ reduced & how many electrons are involved?
NADH, 2 electrons
312
What is FAD reduced & how many electrons are involved?
FADH2, 2 electrons
313
What kind of molecule is FAD?
Coenzyme
314
Are ribosome larger in eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
315
What kind of DNA & RNA can a viral genome have?
Both single & double stranded for both DNA & RNA
316
Where is circular DNA found?
Bacteria
Archaea
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
317
What is the mitochondrial genome comprised of?
Circular, histone -free DNA
318
What happens to energy & biomass when you move up a trophic level?
Only 10% of consumed energy is transferred so one 1/10 of the previous biomass can be sustained
Less energy & less biomass
319
Which components of a food chain represents the largest biomass?
Producers are found at the bottom and always have the largest biomass
320
How much energy gets passed on from 1 tropic level to the next?
10%
321
Does prokaryotic DNA contain intronic sequences?
No
322
How do heterotrophic organisms acquire energy?
From organic substances produced by autotrophs
323
How do autotrophs acquire energy?
They generate their own through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
