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Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy
Structure building blocks
Various cellular functions (glycoproteins, glycolipids, cell adhesion, cell communication)

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2
Q

Formula for carbohydrate monomers

A

(CH2O)2

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3
Q

What is the simplest form of a carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

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4
Q

What a the 3 types of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is a hexoses?

A

A monosaccharide with 6 Carbons, C6H12O6

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6
Q

What is an aldehyde sugar called?

A

Aldoses

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of hexoses that are aldoses?

A

Glucose, mannose, galactose

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8
Q

What form is aldoses typically found in?

A

Cyclic

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9
Q

Draw glucose

A

Google answer

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10
Q

Draw mannose

A

Google answer

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11
Q

Draw galactose

A

Google answer

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12
Q

What is the hexoses that is a ketoses called?

A

Fructose

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13
Q

What is a ketone sugar called?

A

Ketoses

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14
Q

Draw fructose

A

Google answer

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15
Q

What is a monosaccharide with 5 Carbons called?

A

Pentoses

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16
Q

Name 2 important pentoses

A

Ribose & deoxyribose

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17
Q

What are monosaccharides with 3 Carbons called?

A

Trioses

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18
Q

How are monosaccharide isomers distinguished?

A

Alpha = downwards
Beta= upwards
Based on hydroxyl closes to the lone oxygen

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19
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond

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20
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Condensation/dehydration reaction between OH groups (releases one water molecule for every bond formed )

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21
Q

What do 2 glucose bound together form?

A

The disaccharide maltose

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22
Q

What does a glucose & a fructose form together?

A

Sucrose

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23
Q

What does a glucose & a galactose form together?

A

Lactose

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24
Q

What are the 2 kinds of polysaccharides?

A

Structural & storage

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25
Q

What monomer is cellulose made up of?

A

Glucose

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26
Q

How does cellulose stack & using what bonds?

A

Parallel, hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

What kind of polysaccharide is cellulose?

A

Structural

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28
Q

What kind of bond is in cellulose?

A

Beta- 1, 4 glycosidic

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29
Q

What monomers make up starch

A

Glucose

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30
Q

What kind of polysaccharide is starch? in what?

A

Storage, plants

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31
Q

What Color does a material containing starch turn if stained with iodine? (Iodine test)

A

Dark blue

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32
Q

What an the two types of starch?

A

Amylose & amylopectin

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33
Q

What monomers is glycogen made up of?

A

Glucose

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34
Q

What kind of polysaccharide is glycogen? & in what?

A

Storage, animals

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35
Q

What Color does a material containing glycogen turn if stained with iodine? (Iodine test)

A

Dark red/brown

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36
Q

What kind of polysaccharide is chitin & where is it found?

A

Structural, certain animal exoskeleton & found in cell walls of fungi

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37
Q

4 kinds of macromolecules?

A

Proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid

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38
Q

Draw the general structure of an amino acid

A

Google answer

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39
Q

4 different groups of amino acids

A

Non polar, polar, negative charged & positively charged

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40
Q

What kind of bonds form between amino acids to create proteins?

A

Peptide bonds

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41
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids

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42
Q

What type of bond is found at the primary structure of an amino acid protein?

A

Peptide bond (covalent) between Carboxyl & amino groups

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43
Q

What is a secondary protein structure?

A

When the protein is an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

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44
Q

What type of bond is found at the secondary structure of an amino acid protein?

A

Hydrogen bond between Carboxyl & amino groups

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45
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

3d shape

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46
Q

What type of bond is found at the tertiary structure of an amino acid protein?

A

Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Disulphide bridge
Hydrophobic interactions
Var der waals bond
All sounds between the R groups

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47
Q

What proteins have quaternary structures?

A

Proteins made from more polypeptide chains

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48
Q

What type of bond is found at the quaternary structure of an amino acid protein?

A

Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Disulphide bridge
Hydrophobic interactions
Var der waals bond
All bonds between the R groups

49
Q

What gives the protein its function?

A

The shape/folding

50
Q

What is it called when a protein loses its shape & thus its function?

A

Denaturing

51
Q

What can cause denaturing of a protein?

A

Ph
Temperature
Chemicals

52
Q

What kind of macromolecule are enzymes?

A

Proteins

53
Q

Types of proteins

A

Enzymes
Transport proteins
Structural proteins
Some hormones
Protection proteins
Contractile proteins
Storage proteins
Toxins
Recognition / communication proteins

54
Q

What kind of macromolecule ar fats & oils?

A

Lipids

55
Q

What is the composition of lipids?

A

Glycerol & fatty acids

56
Q

What are the function of fats & oil?

A

Energy, insulation, lowering density, mechanical protection, regulating & signalling, absorption of water insolvaste molecules

57
Q

How are fats & oils formed?

A

1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids react Via a condensation reaction to form an Esther (3 water molecules are released in the process)

58
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

A fat that is filled with hydrogen

59
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

Fat not filled with hydrogen, thus there are some double bonds

60
Q

What are the 2 categories of unsaturated fats?

A

Cis & trans

61
Q

What is a cis fat?

A

Hydrogens on the Carbons with the double bond face the same side

62
Q

What is a trans fat?

A

Hydrogens on the Carbons with the double bond face the opposite side

63
Q

What does it mean that phospholipids are amphipathic?

A

Has a hydrophobic & a hydrophilic region

64
Q

What part of phospholipids are hydrophobic?

A

The tail

65
Q

What part of phospholipids are hydrophilic?

A

The head

66
Q

What kind of macromolecule are steroids?

A

Lipids

67
Q

What sets the structure of steroids apart?

A

They have fused 4 ring structure

68
Q

What are steroids formed from?

A

Cholesterol

69
Q

Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

70
Q

What 5 steroids are formed from cholesterol?

A

Testosterone
OestradioI
Vitamin D
Bile salts
Cortisol

71
Q

What kind of macromolecule are waxes?

A

Lipids

72
Q

What are the roles of waxes?

A

Waxes are secreted by some animals & plants to remove water, create structures (like beehives) & water retention (In plants)

73
Q

What kind of monomers does nucleic acid contain?

A

Nucleotides

74
Q

Examples of molecules nucleotides are components of

A

Nucleic acids, ATP & gtp

75
Q

What are the 3 components of nucleotides

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate & nitrogenous base

76
Q

What is the difference betroth a nucleotide & a nucleoside?

A

Nucleosides don’t have phosphates

77
Q

What are the 2 types of nuclei acid?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)

78
Q

What kind of covalent bonds are formed in DNA?

A

Phosphodiester linkage

79
Q

What is important to note about Phosphodiester linkage?

A

Between 3’ & 5’
Di-ester: 2 ester bonds for each phosphate

80
Q

What bonds are formed between 2 nitrobases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

81
Q

How many rings does a purine have?

A

2

82
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyramidines?

A

Cytosine, thymine & Uracil

83
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

Adenine & guanine

84
Q

How many rings do pyramidines have?

A

1

85
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between the different nitrogenous bases?

A

A & t: 2 H-bonds
A & U: 2 h-bonds
C & G: 3 H-bonds

86
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

Nucleus, mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast stroma & cytosol

87
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Biological catalyst

88
Q

What are all enzymes?

A

Proteins

89
Q

What is a tell sign that something is an enzyme?

A

The name ends in “ase”

90
Q

What is induced fit? (enzymes)

A

Enzyme changing shape to fit moucule perfectly

91
Q

What type of reaction are hydrolase enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes

A

Hydrolysis
Protease, lipase & phosphatase

92
Q

What type of reaction are lyases enzymes used to catalyse?

A

Decomposition

93
Q

What type of reaction are legases/synthetases enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes

A

Synthesis
DNA polymerase & DNA ligase

94
Q

What type of reaction are isomerases enzymes used to catalyse?

A

Atom rearrangement

95
Q

What type of reaction are oxidoreductase enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes

A

Redox
Dehydrogenase (removes H+) & oxidase (adds H+)

96
Q

What type of reaction are transferases enzymes used to catalyse? Example of enzymes

A

Functional group transfer
Kinase

97
Q

How are enzymes produced?

A

DNA transcription → translation as they are proteins

98
Q

What activates enzymes?

A

Cofactors & coenzymes

99
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Small inorganic molecules required for enzymes to function

100
Q

Example of cofactors

A

Heme, Fe2+, Zn2+, dietary enzymes etc.

101
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic carrier molecules required for enzymes to function

102
Q

How do coenzymes work?

A

Holds on to useful components in the reaction making the enzyme taste to fulfil its role

103
Q

Examples of coenzymes

A

NAD+, FAD,NADP+, CoA, vitamins etc

104
Q

How can we regulate the activation of enzymes to control enzyme activity?

A

Using activators

105
Q

How do activators work?

A

Bind allosterically to the enzyme to make a conformational change so the enzyme can bind to the substrate

106
Q

Ways of reducing enzyme activity (3)

A

Degradation: proteases will be able to destroy them
Reduce gene expression: lessens production of enzymes
→ best way: enzyme inhibition <—

107
Q

What are the 3 types of inhibitor?

A

Competitive inhibition
Uncompetitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition

108
Q

What kind of enzyme inhibitor can be overcome by increasing substrate amount?

A

Competitive

109
Q

Can increase in temperature impact enzyme activity?

A

Yes, can help reduce activation energy or denature enzymes

110
Q

What is amylose?

A

A type of polysaccharide

111
Q

What is amylase?

A

An enzyme

112
Q

Which bio molecule contains the most energy (ATP)?

A

Lipids (fats)

113
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Peptide hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas

114
Q

Through what forces do fatty acid chains interact?

A

Van der Waals

115
Q

Does sugars contain nitrogen?

A

No, only carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

116
Q

Do all proteins contain nitrogen?

A

Yes, they are made up of amino acid which contains an NH2 group

117
Q

What does the addition of a fatty acid to an alcohol directly produce?

A

An ester which is a type of lipid

118
Q

Does DNA & RNA have the same sugar phosphate backbone?

A

No, DNA has deoxyribose & RNA has ribose

Biology (7 decks)

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