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Bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

Where does the energy of the ATP come from?

A

The triphosphate

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3
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

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4
Q

What is pi?

A

Inorganic phosphate

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5
Q

What is amp?

A

Adenosine monophosphate

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6
Q

What is pyrophosphate?

A

2 phosphates attached

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7
Q

Definition of redox reactions

A

Energy capturing & energy releasing processes, transfer of electrons

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8
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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9
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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10
Q

What is the fist step of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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11
Q

How many phases of cellular respiration & what are they called?

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation+ citric acid cycle & oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

What is the main cellular respiration organelle?

A

Mitochondrial

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol of a cell, outside the mitochondria

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14
Q

How many steps & how many phases of glycolysis?

A

10 steps & 2 phases

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15
Q

Name of the phases of glycolysis. & how may reactions is each

A

1 energy requiring
2 energy releasing
5 reactions in each

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16
Q

What is used in every reaction of glycolysis?

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

How many ATP is needed for glycolysis & how many are generated

A

Needs 2, generates 4 thus 2 net ATP

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18
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

Oxygen is not needed

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19
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Oxygen is needed

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20
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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21
Q

Does the krebs cycle need oxygen?

A

Yes it is aerobic

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22
Q

Does the electoron transport chain require oxygen?

A

Yes it is aerobic

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23
Q

How my ATPs are produced by the electron transport chain?

A

34

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24
Q

Chemical formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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25
Q

What is nad used for in cellular respiration 3

A

To carry & transfer electrons & H+ ions

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26
Q

What is the main function of glycolysis?

A

Splitting up glucose into 2 3 carbon molecules (pyruvate)

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27
Q

Different name for the krebs cycle

A

Citric acid cycle

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28
Q

Theoretical ATP vs typical yield.

A

38 ATP, 29-30
Range of theoretical 27-38

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29
Q

What is the process that glycolysis takes place in called?

A

Fermentation

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30
Q

What is the anabolic process?

A

Building of larger molecules from smaller ones

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31
Q

Definition of photosynthesis

A

Use of light energy to convert CO2 into organic compounds

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32
Q

Who photosynthesizes

A

Plants and some bacteria

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33
Q

When is something considered an organic compound?

A

when it contains a C-H bond

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34
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis? and what is reduced and what is oxidized

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2, carbondioxide is reduced to glucose and water is oxidised to oxygen

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35
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis in reverse

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36
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in a cell?

A

The chloroplast

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37
Q

Where do the light reactions happen?

A

Thylakoid membranes

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38
Q

What is created when a photon from light reacts with an electron from water in the thylakoid membrane?

A

ATP and NADPH

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39
Q

What allows for and goes through the gas exchange in the cell?

A

Stomata

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40
Q

Which pigment molecules absorb light in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophylls and carotenoids

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41
Q

What are photosystems?

A

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane absorb light and use the every to excite and get electrons accepted from water molecules

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42
Q

Name the order of linear electron transport (photosynthesis)

A

photosystem 2, cytochrome complex, photosystem 1 and then the Calvin cycle

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43
Q

What is considered the most important enzyme in the biosphere and why?

A

Rubisco, because by catalyzing CO2 fixation in all autoautotroph it provides the source of organic carbon for most of the world’s organisms

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44
Q

Is Rubisco a good catalytic?

A

No

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45
Q

What is the space inside the thylakoid cell?

A

Lumen

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46
Q

What is the energy from the electrons going from a high energy state to a low energy state in photosynthesis used to do

A

Pump hydrogen from the stroma to the lumen inside the thylakoid

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47
Q

What does the hydrogen in the lumen do and why? (photosynthesis)

A

Drives the ATP synthase so that ATP is produced from ADP because it wants to go back out the lumen into the stroma due to the concentration gradient

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48
Q

What is the first part of photosynthesis called?

A

Light reactions, photophorylation

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49
Q

What are the two products of the first part of photosynthesis that is used in the second part and what is the product released in the atmosphere?

A

ATP and NADPH are used in part 3 and oxygen us released

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50
Q

What type of chlorophyll do plants, algae, and cyanobacteria contain, and why?

A

A, because of it’s central role in photosynthesis

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51
Q

What are accessory pigments?

A

All pigments except chlorophyll a

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52
Q

What does the use of accessory pigments in photosynthesis allow for?

A

Broader range of wavelengths to be absorbed and more energy from the sun light captured

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53
Q

What do carotenoids do in photosynthesis?

A

Capture light and get rid of excess light energy by absorbing it and dissipating it as heat

54
Q

What is the most important chlorophyll in photosystem 1 called? (the special pair)

A

P700

55
Q

What is the most important chlorophyll in photosystem 2 called? (the special pair)

A

P680

56
Q

Where does PS2 get its electron from?

A

water

57
Q

Where does PS1 get its electron from?

A

PS2 (it flows down an electron transport chain)

58
Q

What is used in the light-independent reactions/ the Calvin cycle

A

CO2 and ATP and NADPH

59
Q

What is Rubp?

A

Ribulosebiphosphate

60
Q

Draw the pgal molecule

A

C-C-C-P

61
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

Taking carbon in a gaseous form and put it into solid structure

62
Q

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

The stroma

63
Q

What enzyme is present to facilitate the Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco

64
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

The matrix/ middle of mithocondria

65
Q

What are the fadh2 & nadh produced in the krebs cycle used for?

A

They are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP

66
Q

What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate is oxidized to produce acetyl CoA &1 nadh along with co2

67
Q

Where does the pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

In the matrix (in eukrayotes) & the cytoplasm (in prokayotes)

68
Q

What is taken off the pyruvate when it’s oxidized?

A

A carboxyl group

69
Q

What is produced in 1 turn of the krebs cycle?

A

2 CO 2,3 nadh, 1 fadh2 &1 ATP

70
Q

What is the energy from the oxidation of NAdh used to?

A

Pump hydrogen protons from the matrix creating a proton gradient making them want to go into the matrix causing the axil in the ATP synthase spin & produce ATPs

71
Q

What is the producer of ATP called? & what is the process called

A

ATP synthase, chemiosmosis

72
Q

How many acetyl-coa stem from 1 glucose?

A

2, glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvates which are oxidized to 2 acetyl-coa

73
Q

Where does the electron transport chain happen?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

74
Q

What is ubiquinone (uq)?

A

A carrier molecule that carries the electron in the etc between the different complexes

75
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in etc?

A

Oxygen, 1/2 O2

76
Q

What is etc+ chemiosmosis?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

77
Q

How many ATP does nadh & fadh2 produce per molecule?

A

Nadh=3 ATP
FadH2 = 2 ATP

78
Q

What happens to pyruvates if there is not enough oxygen?

A

It is fermented

79
Q

What are the two different kinds of output from fermentation & what does it depend on?

A

Lactate or alcohol, depends on what kind of cell

80
Q

What produce alcohol?

A

Microorganism such as yeast

81
Q

What does the majority of animal cell produce as the byproduct of fermentation?

A

Lactate

82
Q

What is the point of lactate fermentation?

A

Producing nad+ which glycolysis requires to produce ATP & nadh, lactate is toxic & the body wants to get rid of it afterwards

83
Q

How does alcohol fermentation differ from lactate fermentation?

A

Co2 is produced

84
Q

What does alcohol fermentation produce?

A

Ethyl alcohol & nad+

85
Q

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

Redox
Glucose is oxidised & O2 is reduced

86
Q

The 4 steps of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate decarboxylation
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

87
Q

Input in glycolysis

A

1 glucose (6 carbons) & 2 ATP

88
Q

Output of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate (3 carbons)

89
Q

Produced in glycolysis

A

2 ATP (net) & 2 nadh

90
Q

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

91
Q

Input in pyruvate decarboxylation

A

2x pyruvate ( 6 carbons )

92
Q

Output in pyruvate decarboxylation

A

2x acetyl CoA (2 Carbons )

93
Q

Products of pyruvate decarboxylation

A

2x nadh & 2 co2

94
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle true place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

95
Q

Input in Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle

A

2 acetyl CoA (2 carbons)

96
Q

Output of Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle

A

Not really outputs as they are reused in the cycle but
Oxaloacetate (4 carbons) & citrate (6 carbons), per acetyl CoA

97
Q

Products from Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP (ATP)
4 CO2
After both Acetyl CoA have gone through the cycle

98
Q

Location of electron transport chain

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

99
Q

Input in electron transport chain

A

10 NADH
2 FADH2

100
Q

Outputs of electron transport chain

A

10 NAD+
2 FAD
ATP

101
Q

Products of electron transport chain

A

10 NAD+
2 FAD
28 ATP
6 H2O

102
Q

Where is the NADH, NAD+, FADH2, FAD and ATP located in electron transport chain?

A

The matrix

103
Q

What is the route of H+ in the electron transport chain?

A

Intermembrane space through ATP synthase into the matrix

104
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Cellular respiration without oxygen

105
Q

What cells perform anaerobic respiration? (4)

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Muscle cells
Yeast

106
Q

What cells perform alcohol fermentation?

A

Yeast & certain bacteria

107
Q

Where in the cell does alcohol fermentation take place?

A

Cytosol

108
Q

Final goal of fermentation?

A

Turning NADH into NAD+

109
Q

Input in alcoholic fermentation

A

2 pyruvate & 2 nadh

110
Q

Output in alcoholic fermentation

A

2 ethanol, 2 co2 & 2 nad+

111
Q

Products of alcoholic fermentation (glycolysis & fermentation)

A

2 ATP (net)
2 CO2
2 Ethanol
2 NAD+

112
Q

What cells perform lactic acid fermentation?

A

Muscle cells & certain bacteria (used for yoghurt )

113
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation take place?

A

Cytosol

114
Q

Input for lactic acid fermentation

A

2 pyruvate & 2 nadh

115
Q

Output of lactic acid fermentation

A

2 lactate (lactic acid) &2 nad+

116
Q

Products of lactic acid fermentation (including the glycolysis)

A

2 ATP (net)
2 Lactate (lactic acid)
2 NAD+

117
Q

What is being reduced during photosynthesis?

A

Co2

118
Q

What is being oxidized during photosynthesis?

A

H2o

119
Q

Who photosynthesise?

A

Plants, protists, bacteria, algae etc

120
Q

Location of the light reaction

A

Thylakoid membrane

121
Q

Inputs in the light reaction

A

H2o, light & NADP+

122
Q

Output from the light reaction

A

O2, ATP & nadph

123
Q

What does psll do?

A

Produces O2 (from h20)
Pumps protons into lumen (leads to ATP)

124
Q

What does psl do?

A

Produces nadph (from NADP+)

125
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

Stroma

126
Q

3 phases of Calvin cycle

A

Co2 fixation
Co2 reduction
RuBP regeneration

127
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed for glucose to form?

A

6

128
Q

Which is more effective at making ATP, nadh or fadh2? (Electron transport chain)

A

Nadh

129
Q

What is photolysis of water?

A

The use of light energy to split water molecules & produce oxygen

130
Q

How many times must the Calvin cycle be repeated for 1 glucose molecule to be formed?

A

6 times

131
Q

Can nadp be oxidised in biology?

A

No only reduced to nadph

Biology (7 decks)

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