Bioenergetics Flashcards
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
Where does the energy of the ATP come from?
The triphosphate
What is ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate
What is pi?
Inorganic phosphate
What is amp?
Adenosine monophosphate
What is pyrophosphate?
2 phosphates attached
Definition of redox reactions
Energy capturing & energy releasing processes, transfer of electrons
What is oxidation?
Loss of electrons
What is reduction?
Gain of electrons
What is the fist step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
How many phases of cellular respiration & what are they called?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation+ citric acid cycle & oxidative phosphorylation
What is the main cellular respiration organelle?
Mitochondrial
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol of a cell, outside the mitochondria
How many steps & how many phases of glycolysis?
10 steps & 2 phases
Name of the phases of glycolysis. & how may reactions is each
1 energy requiring
2 energy releasing
5 reactions in each
What is used in every reaction of glycolysis?
Enzymes
How many ATP is needed for glycolysis & how many are generated
Needs 2, generates 4 thus 2 net ATP
What does anaerobic mean?
Oxygen is not needed
What does aerobic mean?
Oxygen is needed
Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
Anaerobic
Does the krebs cycle need oxygen?
Yes it is aerobic
Does the electoron transport chain require oxygen?
Yes it is aerobic
How my ATPs are produced by the electron transport chain?
34
Chemical formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is nad used for in cellular respiration 3
To carry & transfer electrons & H+ ions
What is the main function of glycolysis?
Splitting up glucose into 2 3 carbon molecules (pyruvate)
Different name for the krebs cycle
Citric acid cycle
Theoretical ATP vs typical yield.
38 ATP, 29-30
Range of theoretical 27-38
What is the process that glycolysis takes place in called?
Fermentation
What is the anabolic process?
Building of larger molecules from smaller ones
Definition of photosynthesis
Use of light energy to convert CO2 into organic compounds
Who photosynthesizes
Plants and some bacteria
When is something considered an organic compound?
when it contains a C-H bond
What is the equation of photosynthesis? and what is reduced and what is oxidized
6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2, carbondioxide is reduced to glucose and water is oxidised to oxygen
What is cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis in reverse
Where does photosynthesis occur in a cell?
The chloroplast
Where do the light reactions happen?
Thylakoid membranes
What is created when a photon from light reacts with an electron from water in the thylakoid membrane?
ATP and NADPH
What allows for and goes through the gas exchange in the cell?
Stomata
Which pigment molecules absorb light in photosynthesis?
Chlorophylls and carotenoids
What are photosystems?
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane absorb light and use the every to excite and get electrons accepted from water molecules
Name the order of linear electron transport (photosynthesis)
photosystem 2, cytochrome complex, photosystem 1 and then the Calvin cycle
What is considered the most important enzyme in the biosphere and why?
Rubisco, because by catalyzing CO2 fixation in all autoautotroph it provides the source of organic carbon for most of the world’s organisms
Is Rubisco a good catalytic?
No
What is the space inside the thylakoid cell?
Lumen
What is the energy from the electrons going from a high energy state to a low energy state in photosynthesis used to do
Pump hydrogen from the stroma to the lumen inside the thylakoid
What does the hydrogen in the lumen do and why? (photosynthesis)
Drives the ATP synthase so that ATP is produced from ADP because it wants to go back out the lumen into the stroma due to the concentration gradient
What is the first part of photosynthesis called?
Light reactions, photophorylation
What are the two products of the first part of photosynthesis that is used in the second part and what is the product released in the atmosphere?
ATP and NADPH are used in part 3 and oxygen us released
What type of chlorophyll do plants, algae, and cyanobacteria contain, and why?
A, because of it’s central role in photosynthesis
What are accessory pigments?
All pigments except chlorophyll a
What does the use of accessory pigments in photosynthesis allow for?
Broader range of wavelengths to be absorbed and more energy from the sun light captured
What do carotenoids do in photosynthesis?
Capture light and get rid of excess light energy by absorbing it and dissipating it as heat
What is the most important chlorophyll in photosystem 1 called? (the special pair)
P700
What is the most important chlorophyll in photosystem 2 called? (the special pair)
P680
Where does PS2 get its electron from?
water
Where does PS1 get its electron from?
PS2 (it flows down an electron transport chain)
What is used in the light-independent reactions/ the Calvin cycle
CO2 and ATP and NADPH
What is Rubp?
Ribulosebiphosphate
Draw the pgal molecule
C-C-C-P
What is carbon fixation?
Taking carbon in a gaseous form and put it into solid structure
Where does the calvin cycle take place?
The stroma
What enzyme is present to facilitate the Calvin cycle?
Rubisco
Where does the krebs cycle take place?
The matrix/ middle of mithocondria
What are the fadh2 & nadh produced in the krebs cycle used for?
They are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP
What happens during pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate is oxidized to produce acetyl CoA &1 nadh along with co2
Where does the pyruvate oxidation take place?
In the matrix (in eukrayotes) & the cytoplasm (in prokayotes)
What is taken off the pyruvate when it’s oxidized?
A carboxyl group
What is produced in 1 turn of the krebs cycle?
2 CO 2,3 nadh, 1 fadh2 &1 ATP
What is the energy from the oxidation of NAdh used to?
Pump hydrogen protons from the matrix creating a proton gradient making them want to go into the matrix causing the axil in the ATP synthase spin & produce ATPs
What is the producer of ATP called? & what is the process called
ATP synthase, chemiosmosis
How many acetyl-coa stem from 1 glucose?
2, glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvates which are oxidized to 2 acetyl-coa
Where does the electron transport chain happen?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What is ubiquinone (uq)?
A carrier molecule that carries the electron in the etc between the different complexes
What is the final electron acceptor in etc?
Oxygen, 1/2 O2
What is etc+ chemiosmosis?
Oxidative phosphorylation
How many ATP does nadh & fadh2 produce per molecule?
Nadh=3 ATP
FadH2 = 2 ATP
What happens to pyruvates if there is not enough oxygen?
It is fermented
What are the two different kinds of output from fermentation & what does it depend on?
Lactate or alcohol, depends on what kind of cell
What produce alcohol?
Microorganism such as yeast
What does the majority of animal cell produce as the byproduct of fermentation?
Lactate
What is the point of lactate fermentation?
Producing nad+ which glycolysis requires to produce ATP & nadh, lactate is toxic & the body wants to get rid of it afterwards
How does alcohol fermentation differ from lactate fermentation?
Co2 is produced
What does alcohol fermentation produce?
Ethyl alcohol & nad+
What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?
Redox
Glucose is oxidised & O2 is reduced
The 4 steps of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Pyruvate decarboxylation
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
Input in glycolysis
1 glucose (6 carbons) & 2 ATP
Output of glycolysis
2 pyruvate (3 carbons)
Produced in glycolysis
2 ATP (net) & 2 nadh
Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
Input in pyruvate decarboxylation
2x pyruvate ( 6 carbons )
Output in pyruvate decarboxylation
2x acetyl CoA (2 Carbons )
Products of pyruvate decarboxylation
2x nadh & 2 co2
Where does the Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle true place?
Mitochondrial matrix
Input in Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
2 acetyl CoA (2 carbons)
Output of Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
Not really outputs as they are reused in the cycle but
Oxaloacetate (4 carbons) & citrate (6 carbons), per acetyl CoA
Products from Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP (ATP)
4 CO2
After both Acetyl CoA have gone through the cycle
Location of electron transport chain
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Input in electron transport chain
10 NADH
2 FADH2
Outputs of electron transport chain
10 NAD+
2 FAD
ATP
Products of electron transport chain
10 NAD+
2 FAD
28 ATP
6 H2O
Where is the NADH, NAD+, FADH2, FAD and ATP located in electron transport chain?
The matrix
What is the route of H+ in the electron transport chain?
Intermembrane space through ATP synthase into the matrix
What is anaerobic respiration?
Cellular respiration without oxygen
What cells perform anaerobic respiration? (4)
Bacteria
Archaea
Muscle cells
Yeast
What cells perform alcohol fermentation?
Yeast & certain bacteria
Where in the cell does alcohol fermentation take place?
Cytosol
Final goal of fermentation?
Turning NADH into NAD+
Input in alcoholic fermentation
2 pyruvate & 2 nadh
Output in alcoholic fermentation
2 ethanol, 2 co2 & 2 nad+
Products of alcoholic fermentation (glycolysis & fermentation)
2 ATP (net)
2 CO2
2 Ethanol
2 NAD+
What cells perform lactic acid fermentation?
Muscle cells & certain bacteria (used for yoghurt )
Where does lactic acid fermentation take place?
Cytosol
Input for lactic acid fermentation
2 pyruvate & 2 nadh
Output of lactic acid fermentation
2 lactate (lactic acid) &2 nad+
Products of lactic acid fermentation (including the glycolysis)
2 ATP (net)
2 Lactate (lactic acid)
2 NAD+
What is being reduced during photosynthesis?
Co2
What is being oxidized during photosynthesis?
H2o
Who photosynthesise?
Plants, protists, bacteria, algae etc
Location of the light reaction
Thylakoid membrane
Inputs in the light reaction
H2o, light & NADP+
Output from the light reaction
O2, ATP & nadph
What does psll do?
Produces O2 (from h20)
Pumps protons into lumen (leads to ATP)
What does psl do?
Produces nadph (from NADP+)
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
Stroma
3 phases of Calvin cycle
Co2 fixation
Co2 reduction
RuBP regeneration
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed for glucose to form?
6
Which is more effective at making ATP, nadh or fadh2? (Electron transport chain)
Nadh
What is photolysis of water?
The use of light energy to split water molecules & produce oxygen
How many times must the Calvin cycle be repeated for 1 glucose molecule to be formed?
6 times
Can nadp be oxidised in biology?
No only reduced to nadph
