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Histology Exam 1 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

cells for contraction

A

muscle cells

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2
Q

cells for conduction of electrical impulses

A

nerve cells

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3
Q

cells for the storage of lipids

A

adipose cells

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4
Q

cells for the synthesis of of enzymes

A

secretory cells

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5
Q

cells for the support of tissues, connecting them together, and cushioning

A

connective tissus cells

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6
Q

cells for protection

A

immune system cells and skin

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7
Q

cells for gas transport

A

erythrocytes

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8
Q

3 major cell components

A
  1. nucleus
  2. cytoplasm
  3. plasmalemma (plasma membrane or cell membrane)
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9
Q

structure and function are

A

linked

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10
Q

major constituents of the cytoplasm

A
  1. cytoskeleton
  2. organelles
  3. cytoplasmic inclusions
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11
Q

responsible for maintaining shape of the cell, segregating compartments to some extent, transport of organelles in cytoplasm, locomotion, division.

A

cytoskeleton

  • microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, centrioles
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12
Q
  • composed of protein tubulin in a polymerized form

- part of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

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13
Q

_______ are the basic units of cilia, flagella and centrioles

A

microtubules

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14
Q

in the case of cilia and flagella, an additional protein known as _____ is present along the lengths of some of the tubules
-responsible for the sliding of cilia and flagella against one another

A

dynein

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15
Q

microtubules are depolymerized by a chemical called _____

- if exposed to it, cells will stop moving and round up

A

colchicine

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16
Q

are smaller than microtubules and are composed of actin, a contractile protein
- cause contractile movement of cells

A

microfilaments

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17
Q

roles in cellular function are still open to question. some composed of keratin, part of the cytoskeleton

A

intermediate filaments

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18
Q

what holds cells together

A

cellular junctions

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19
Q

organelle specialized for the production of ATP

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

mitochondria accumulate in the cytoplasm where ______ ______ are highest

A

metabolic rates

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21
Q

are where there are 1000s of mitochondria because of the high metabolic rate, an example

A

liver cells

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22
Q

mitochondria have two membranes, inner and outer. the inner is in folds called

A

cristae

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23
Q

mitochondria have their own ____ and undergo ______

A

DNA

division

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24
Q

Mitochondria evolved from

A

a bacteria like organism that became intracellular symbionts of eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

_____ is formed by the degradation of glucose molecules to ___ and ____

A

ATP
CO2
H2O

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26
Q

formation of ATP from glucose happened from what 3 processes

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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27
Q

glycolysis occurs in the _____

A

cell cytoplasm

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28
Q

pyruvic acid is converted to

A

acetyl co-enzyme A that goes INTO the mitochondria

29
Q

what two processes happen in the mitochondria

A

Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

glycolysis results in ___ molecules of ATP

A

2

31
Q

Krebs and oxidative phosphorylation result in ___ molecules of ATP

A

36

32
Q

___% of ATP is formed in the mitochondrion

A

95%

33
Q

the ____ ______ plays a role in processing and packaging of material synthesized within the cell

A

Golgi body

34
Q

Golgi body is formed of the forming face _____ _____ and the maturing face _____ _____

A

forming face = convex side

maturing face = concave side

35
Q

convex side of Golgi

A

forming face (cis)

36
Q

concave side of Golgi

A

maturing face (trans)

37
Q

spaces through which molecules can enter or leave the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

38
Q

two types of chromatin

A

heterochromatin

euchromatin

39
Q

highly condensed chromatin

A

heterochromatin

40
Q

less condensed chromatin

A

euchromatin

41
Q

structures are where rRNA is synthesized for the construction of ribosomes

A

nucleolus or multiple nucleoli

42
Q

the smallest structural unit of a living organism that can function independently if placed in an appropriate environment

A

cell

43
Q

developed independently by both Schleiden and Schwann in 1832. States that all living organisms are constructed of small subunits called cells

A

The cell theory

44
Q

composition of mammalian tissues

3 things

A
  1. cells
  2. intercellular substance
  3. tissue fluid
45
Q

egg + sperm =

A

zygote

fertilization

46
Q

establishes primary germ layers

A

gastrulation

47
Q

what are the 3 primary germ layers

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
48
Q

establishes specific tissue types- involves cellular differentiation - specific function

A

histogenesis

49
Q

part of the plasmalemma, functions in recognition and adhesion

A

glycocalyx

50
Q

a layered membrane bound organelle that consists of a network of tubular and vesicular cisternae that ramify throughout large volumes of cytoplasm.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

51
Q

membrane of ER is continuous with the

A

nuclear membrane

52
Q

site of processing of lipid and protein for cellular functions

A

ER

53
Q

ribosomes attached with outer surface

processes proteins

A

rough ER

54
Q

no ribosomes attached, processing of lipids

A

smooth ER

55
Q

specialized smooth ER associated with striated muscle. specialized for storage and release of Ca+

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

period between divisions, 3 major components: G1, S, G2. synthesis of DNA takes place during the ‘S’ stage

A

interphase

57
Q

replicated chromosomes condense (each chromatid is connected to its duplicate at the centromere), nuclear envelope breaks down near end of this phase, the nucleolus disappears, and the mitotic spindle forms

A

prophase

58
Q

replicated chromosomes align on the “equator” of the mitotic apparatus (spindle). the chromatids are attached to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle at the centromere.

A

metaphase

59
Q

duplicate chromatids separate at the centromere and move toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle

A

anaphase

60
Q

chromosomes reach the poles of the mitotic spindle, nuclear envelope (membrane) reforms, cell completes division

A

telophase

61
Q

non membrane bound accumulations of material in the cell cytoplasm

A

cytoplasmic inclusions

62
Q

6 cytoplasmic inclusions

A
  1. lipid droplets
  2. glycogen
  3. melanin (pigment)
  4. lipofuscin (pigment)
  5. crystals of various types
  6. hemosiderin (pigment)
63
Q

in people who smoke, gums get brown near teeth. increased amount of melanin. benign, not a cancer…just gross

A

smoker’s melanosis

64
Q

internalization of materials outside the cell by the invagination of plasma membrane to form a vesicle that engulfs external materials and then pinches off forming a vesicle in the cytoplasm

A

endocytosis

65
Q

transport of materials out of cells. internally formed membrane bound vesicles rise with plasma membrane and release their contents to the external environment (secretion)

A

exocytosis

66
Q

membrane bound vesicles that comprise the digestive and excretory systems of the cell

A

lysosomes

67
Q

digestion of material from out side the cell takes place here

A

heterophagosomes

68
Q

function is to recycle intracellular material, type of lysososme

A

autophagosomes

Histology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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