The Cell Flashcards
cells for contraction
muscle cells
cells for conduction of electrical impulses
nerve cells
cells for the storage of lipids
adipose cells
cells for the synthesis of of enzymes
secretory cells
cells for the support of tissues, connecting them together, and cushioning
connective tissus cells
cells for protection
immune system cells and skin
cells for gas transport
erythrocytes
3 major cell components
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- plasmalemma (plasma membrane or cell membrane)
structure and function are
linked
major constituents of the cytoplasm
- cytoskeleton
- organelles
- cytoplasmic inclusions
responsible for maintaining shape of the cell, segregating compartments to some extent, transport of organelles in cytoplasm, locomotion, division.
cytoskeleton
- microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, centrioles
- composed of protein tubulin in a polymerized form
- part of the cytoskeleton
microtubules
_______ are the basic units of cilia, flagella and centrioles
microtubules
in the case of cilia and flagella, an additional protein known as _____ is present along the lengths of some of the tubules
-responsible for the sliding of cilia and flagella against one another
dynein
microtubules are depolymerized by a chemical called _____
- if exposed to it, cells will stop moving and round up
colchicine
are smaller than microtubules and are composed of actin, a contractile protein
- cause contractile movement of cells
microfilaments
roles in cellular function are still open to question. some composed of keratin, part of the cytoskeleton
intermediate filaments
what holds cells together
cellular junctions
organelle specialized for the production of ATP
mitochondria
mitochondria accumulate in the cytoplasm where ______ ______ are highest
metabolic rates
are where there are 1000s of mitochondria because of the high metabolic rate, an example
liver cells
mitochondria have two membranes, inner and outer. the inner is in folds called
cristae
mitochondria have their own ____ and undergo ______
DNA
division
Mitochondria evolved from
a bacteria like organism that became intracellular symbionts of eukaryotic cells
_____ is formed by the degradation of glucose molecules to ___ and ____
ATP
CO2
H2O
formation of ATP from glucose happened from what 3 processes
- glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis occurs in the _____
cell cytoplasm
pyruvic acid is converted to
acetyl co-enzyme A that goes INTO the mitochondria
what two processes happen in the mitochondria
Krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis results in ___ molecules of ATP
2
Krebs and oxidative phosphorylation result in ___ molecules of ATP
36
___% of ATP is formed in the mitochondrion
95%
the ____ ______ plays a role in processing and packaging of material synthesized within the cell
Golgi body
Golgi body is formed of the forming face _____ _____ and the maturing face _____ _____
forming face = convex side
maturing face = concave side
convex side of Golgi
forming face (cis)
concave side of Golgi
maturing face (trans)
spaces through which molecules can enter or leave the nucleus
nuclear pores
two types of chromatin
heterochromatin
euchromatin
highly condensed chromatin
heterochromatin
less condensed chromatin
euchromatin
structures are where rRNA is synthesized for the construction of ribosomes
nucleolus or multiple nucleoli
the smallest structural unit of a living organism that can function independently if placed in an appropriate environment
cell
developed independently by both Schleiden and Schwann in 1832. States that all living organisms are constructed of small subunits called cells
The cell theory
composition of mammalian tissues
3 things
- cells
- intercellular substance
- tissue fluid
egg + sperm =
zygote
fertilization
establishes primary germ layers
gastrulation
what are the 3 primary germ layers
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
establishes specific tissue types- involves cellular differentiation - specific function
histogenesis
part of the plasmalemma, functions in recognition and adhesion
glycocalyx
a layered membrane bound organelle that consists of a network of tubular and vesicular cisternae that ramify throughout large volumes of cytoplasm.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membrane of ER is continuous with the
nuclear membrane
site of processing of lipid and protein for cellular functions
ER
ribosomes attached with outer surface
processes proteins
rough ER
no ribosomes attached, processing of lipids
smooth ER
specialized smooth ER associated with striated muscle. specialized for storage and release of Ca+
sarcoplasmic reticulum
period between divisions, 3 major components: G1, S, G2. synthesis of DNA takes place during the ‘S’ stage
interphase
replicated chromosomes condense (each chromatid is connected to its duplicate at the centromere), nuclear envelope breaks down near end of this phase, the nucleolus disappears, and the mitotic spindle forms
prophase
replicated chromosomes align on the “equator” of the mitotic apparatus (spindle). the chromatids are attached to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle at the centromere.
metaphase
duplicate chromatids separate at the centromere and move toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle
anaphase
chromosomes reach the poles of the mitotic spindle, nuclear envelope (membrane) reforms, cell completes division
telophase
non membrane bound accumulations of material in the cell cytoplasm
cytoplasmic inclusions
6 cytoplasmic inclusions
- lipid droplets
- glycogen
- melanin (pigment)
- lipofuscin (pigment)
- crystals of various types
- hemosiderin (pigment)
in people who smoke, gums get brown near teeth. increased amount of melanin. benign, not a cancer…just gross
smoker’s melanosis
internalization of materials outside the cell by the invagination of plasma membrane to form a vesicle that engulfs external materials and then pinches off forming a vesicle in the cytoplasm
endocytosis
transport of materials out of cells. internally formed membrane bound vesicles rise with plasma membrane and release their contents to the external environment (secretion)
exocytosis
membrane bound vesicles that comprise the digestive and excretory systems of the cell
lysosomes
digestion of material from out side the cell takes place here
heterophagosomes
function is to recycle intracellular material, type of lysososme
autophagosomes
