the cell Flashcards
Other materials in cell membrane
- Protein
- Cholesterol
- Glycoproteins
is defined as the non-living component, covering the outmost layer of a cell
cell wall
It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
cell wall
It is present exclusively in eukaryotic plants, fungi, and few prokaryotic organisms
cell wall
is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance
present inside the cell membrane.
cytoplasm
contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA
nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by the ??? that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell.
nuclear envelope
is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction
nucleolus
protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles
nuclear membrane
play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cells contain ???
Chromosomes;
23 pairs of chromosomes
is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids, and proteins.
endoplasmic reticulum
are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell
Golgi bodies
the protein synthesizers of the cell
Ribosomes
is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy
currency
mitochondrion
protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and helps in cell renewal. Therefore, it is known as the cell’s suicide bags
Lysosomes
??? are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment ???
Chloroplasts;
chlorophyll
stores food, water, and other waste materials in the cell
Vacuoles
Examples of prokaryotes are
bacteria and archaea
Examples of eukaryotes are
protists, fungi, plants, and animals
The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: (4)
■ DNA
■ Plasma membrane
■ Cytoplasm
■ Ribosomes
is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction
is an important component of the three major macromolecules in biochemistry
Hydrogen bonding
is responsible for the structure and properties of proteins(enzymes).
H-bonding
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules makes water an
extremely ??
cohesive liquid
attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind,
Cohesion
Water is attracted to other substances
Adhesion
water striders can walk on water because of the?
surface tension of water
energy required to change from liquid to gas
heat of vaporization
Since the temperature of water rises and falls slowly, it is easier for organisms to regulate and maintain a stable internal temperature
high specific heat
water as universal solvent: dissolve other ??? and ???.
polar molecules and ionic compounds
water readily dissolves ??? compounds.
hydrophilic
??? molecules experience hydrophobic interactions in water
Nonpolar
describe the water-hydrophobic relations (low water-soluble
molecules).
Hydrophobic interactions
are non-polar and usually have a long chain of carbons that do not interact with molecules of water
Hydrophobic molecules
Hydrocarbons and nonpolar molecules are insoluble because ??????. So water molecules force nonpolar molecules together and surround them.
This phenomenon is called ??? or ???
water-water interactions are stronger than water-hydrocarbon interactions;
hydrophobic effect or hydrophobic interaction.
is a species (an ion or a molecule) which is strongly attracted to a region of positive charge
nucleophile
are negatively charged or have unshared pairs of electrons –> attack electrophiles during substitution or addition reactions
Nucleophiles
Examples of nucleophiles:
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, water (weak)
In cells, condensation and hydrolysis reactions are often catalyzed by enzymes known as ??? These enzymes help speed up the reactions that involve adding water to break bonds.
hydrolases
ionizes slightly can act as an acid (proton donor) or base (proton acceptor).
Pure water
