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N318 - Pathophysiology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is the study of changes in physiology that result from disease or injury

A

pathophysiology

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2
Q

Compare idiopathic vs iatrogenic

A

-idiopathic disease: no identifiable cause
-iatrogenic disease: result from medical treatment

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3
Q

Describe sign vs symptom

A

sign: objective
symptom: patient-described experience

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4
Q

________ is the study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas.

A

epidemiology

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5
Q

Why is differentiation essential to specialization?

A

It is the process that allows cells to have a highly specific function (i.e., cells for movement can’t function as hormone producers)

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6
Q

List and define the 8 chief cellular functions:

A

-Movement—Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion.
-Conductivity—conduction as a response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation. Conductivity is the chief function of nerve cells.
-Metabolic absorption—all cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings.
-Secretion—certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances and then secrete the new substances to serve, as needed, elsewhere.
-Excretion—cells rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients.
-Respiration—Cells absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy in the form of ATP. Oxidation occurs in the mitochondria.
-Reproduction—tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves.
-Communication (duh)

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7
Q

The ___________ generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

_________ synthesize proteins

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

The _______ _______ processes and packages proteins for delivery

A

golgi complex

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10
Q

The ______ is a repository of genetic information

A

nucleus

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11
Q

The _________ _______ synthesizes and transports lipids

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

The _______ ________ packages and delivers proteins

A

golgi complex

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13
Q

________ contain digestive enzymes

A

Lysozomes

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14
Q

_________ is the movement of water down a concentration gradient

A

Osmosis

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15
Q

A particle that is dissolved is called a ______

A

solute

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16
Q

The mitochondria requires ________ to function

A

oxygen

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17
Q

During diffusion, ________ move across a membrane to an area of lower concentration

A

solutes

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18
Q

Glycolysis is an (aerobic/anaerobic) process

A

anaerobic

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19
Q

__________ __________ can move substances against the concentration gradient

A

active transport

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20
Q

Receptors are ________ that bind to specific ligands.

A

proteins

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21
Q

Describe the events that occur during a neuronal action potential.

A
  1. sodium permeability increases
  2. sodium ions move into the cell
  3. potassium permeability increases
  4. potassium ions leave the cell
  5. resting membrane potential is reestablished
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22
Q

The mechanical force of water pushing against a cellular membrane is called:

A

hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

An _______ solution has the same osmolarity as normal body fluids

A

isotonic

24
Q

How does pinocytosis differ from phagocytosis?

A

pinocytosis refers to absorption of smaller particles than phagocytosis (via vesicles), but both refer to the ingestion of molecules

25
Q

Name and describe the four basic types of tissues

A

-Epithelial (most common, protects/covers most of the body)
-Nerve (facilitate communication among tissues via electrical impulses),
-Muscle (smooth or skeletal–made of muscle fibers, facilitate movement in the body),
-Connective (connects tissues in the body)

26
Q

The loss of ATP, cellular swelling, ribosomal detachment, and autophagy of lysosomes are all types of ________ progressive cell injury

A

reversible

27
Q

Irreversible cell damaged is defined as…

A

a failure of function in the mitochondria

28
Q

_______ is a common type of cell death (breakdown of organelles)

A

necrosis

29
Q

________ is the planned self-destruction of cells

A

apoptosis

30
Q

________ is the cytoplasmic engulfment of cytoplasm and organelles, and has a “recycling” function

A

autophagy

31
Q

A response to persistent stimuli of a cell is called…

A

chronic cell injury

32
Q

Water, pigments, lipids, glycogen, and proteins moving inside a cell are called ________ or ________

A

infiltrations or accumulations

33
Q

Pathologic calcification refers to the _________ and _________ calcification of a cell

A

dystrophic, metastatic

34
Q

Describe the 6 common themes of cell injury and death.

A

-ATP depletion
-increase of reactive oxygen species
-increased Ca in cell
-mitochondrial damage
-DNA damage
-protein misfolding/membrane damage

35
Q

Sickle cell anemia resulting in cell nucleus/membrane structure change is an example of a _______ mechanism of cell injury.

A

genetic

36
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms of cell injury are defined as…

A

the alteration in gene expression w/o the changing of DNA

37
Q

Protein deficiency and hyperlipidemia are examples of ________ _______, a mechanism of cell injury

A

nutritional imbalances

38
Q

Frostbite, burns, and heat stroke are examples of _______ _______, a _________ of cell injury

A

temperature extremes, mechanism

39
Q

X-ray damage and sun damage are examples of ________ _______–a mechanism of cell injury defined as a form of radiation that removes _______ _______.

A

ionizing radiation, orbital electrons

40
Q

Mechanical stresses are a ________ of _______ ________. What could lead to this?

A

mechanism of cell injury, an overexertion disorder

41
Q

Tinnitus can result from _______ as a mechanism of cell injury.

A

noise

42
Q

Decrease in the size of the left calf after being casted and a pressure wound under a poorly fitting denture are examples of cellular _______.

A

atrophy

43
Q

A weight lifter increasing her muscle mass is an example of cellular __________.

A

hypertrophy

44
Q

Breast enlargement during puberty, the skeletal system’s response to excessive growth hormone, callouses on the feet, and the liver’s response alcohol abuse are all examples of cellular ___________.

A

hyperplasia

45
Q

Changes in a smoker’s respiratory system is an example of cellular ________.

A

metaplasia

46
Q

Cellular ________ might contribute to an abnormal pap smear.

A

dysplasia

47
Q

A benign tumor under the spine is an example of cellular ________.

A

neoplasia

48
Q

Name common causes of lead exposure and its potential effects on children.

A

-causes: ingested/inhaled in old homes
-consequences: weakened immune system, decreased cognitive function, negative attitude changes

49
Q

Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if…

A

oxygen is supplied quickly

50
Q

Active TB is characterized by ________ necrosis.

A

caseous

51
Q

Brain cell death is characterized by _________ necrosis

A

liquefactive

52
Q

What injury could occur when blood flow is restored to an area of ischemia?

A

ischemia-reperfusion

53
Q

Reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals damage cells by attacking the ________.

A

membrane

54
Q

Release of ________ into the cytoplasm during ischemia causes damage to the cell.

A

calcium

55
Q

What type of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis) causes inflammation?

A

necrosis

56
Q

Name the 8 common substances that infiltrate/accumulate in cells (manifestations of cellular injury)

A

water, lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium, and urate

N318 - Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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