The Cell Flashcards
_________ is the study of changes in physiology that result from disease or injury
pathophysiology
Compare idiopathic vs iatrogenic
-idiopathic disease: no identifiable cause
-iatrogenic disease: result from medical treatment
Describe sign vs symptom
sign: objective
symptom: patient-described experience
________ is the study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas.
epidemiology
Why is differentiation essential to specialization?
It is the process that allows cells to have a highly specific function (i.e., cells for movement can’t function as hormone producers)
List and define the 8 chief cellular functions:
-Movement—Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion.
-Conductivity—conduction as a response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation. Conductivity is the chief function of nerve cells.
-Metabolic absorption—all cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings.
-Secretion—certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances and then secrete the new substances to serve, as needed, elsewhere.
-Excretion—cells rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients.
-Respiration—Cells absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy in the form of ATP. Oxidation occurs in the mitochondria.
-Reproduction—tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves.
-Communication (duh)
The ___________ generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
mitochondria
_________ synthesize proteins
Ribosomes
The _______ _______ processes and packages proteins for delivery
golgi complex
The ______ is a repository of genetic information
nucleus
The _________ _______ synthesizes and transports lipids
endoplasmic reticulum
The _______ ________ packages and delivers proteins
golgi complex
________ contain digestive enzymes
Lysozomes
_________ is the movement of water down a concentration gradient
Osmosis
A particle that is dissolved is called a ______
solute
The mitochondria requires ________ to function
oxygen
During diffusion, ________ move across a membrane to an area of lower concentration
solutes
Glycolysis is an (aerobic/anaerobic) process
anaerobic
__________ __________ can move substances against the concentration gradient
active transport
Receptors are ________ that bind to specific ligands.
proteins
Describe the events that occur during a neuronal action potential.
- sodium permeability increases
- sodium ions move into the cell
- potassium permeability increases
- potassium ions leave the cell
- resting membrane potential is reestablished
The mechanical force of water pushing against a cellular membrane is called:
hydrostatic pressure
An _______ solution has the same osmolarity as normal body fluids
isotonic
How does pinocytosis differ from phagocytosis?
pinocytosis refers to absorption of smaller particles than phagocytosis (via vesicles), but both refer to the ingestion of molecules
Name and describe the four basic types of tissues
-Epithelial (most common, protects/covers most of the body)
-Nerve (facilitate communication among tissues via electrical impulses),
-Muscle (smooth or skeletal–made of muscle fibers, facilitate movement in the body),
-Connective (connects tissues in the body)
The loss of ATP, cellular swelling, ribosomal detachment, and autophagy of lysosomes are all types of ________ progressive cell injury
reversible
Irreversible cell damaged is defined as…
a failure of function in the mitochondria
_______ is a common type of cell death (breakdown of organelles)
necrosis
________ is the planned self-destruction of cells
apoptosis
________ is the cytoplasmic engulfment of cytoplasm and organelles, and has a “recycling” function
autophagy
A response to persistent stimuli of a cell is called…
chronic cell injury
Water, pigments, lipids, glycogen, and proteins moving inside a cell are called ________ or ________
infiltrations or accumulations
Pathologic calcification refers to the _________ and _________ calcification of a cell
dystrophic, metastatic
Describe the 6 common themes of cell injury and death.
-ATP depletion
-increase of reactive oxygen species
-increased Ca in cell
-mitochondrial damage
-DNA damage
-protein misfolding/membrane damage
Sickle cell anemia resulting in cell nucleus/membrane structure change is an example of a _______ mechanism of cell injury.
genetic
Epigenetic mechanisms of cell injury are defined as…
the alteration in gene expression w/o the changing of DNA
Protein deficiency and hyperlipidemia are examples of ________ _______, a mechanism of cell injury
nutritional imbalances
Frostbite, burns, and heat stroke are examples of _______ _______, a _________ of cell injury
temperature extremes, mechanism
X-ray damage and sun damage are examples of ________ _______–a mechanism of cell injury defined as a form of radiation that removes _______ _______.
ionizing radiation, orbital electrons
Mechanical stresses are a ________ of _______ ________. What could lead to this?
mechanism of cell injury, an overexertion disorder
Tinnitus can result from _______ as a mechanism of cell injury.
noise
Decrease in the size of the left calf after being casted and a pressure wound under a poorly fitting denture are examples of cellular _______.
atrophy
A weight lifter increasing her muscle mass is an example of cellular __________.
hypertrophy
Breast enlargement during puberty, the skeletal system’s response to excessive growth hormone, callouses on the feet, and the liver’s response alcohol abuse are all examples of cellular ___________.
hyperplasia
Changes in a smoker’s respiratory system is an example of cellular ________.
metaplasia
Cellular ________ might contribute to an abnormal pap smear.
dysplasia
A benign tumor under the spine is an example of cellular ________.
neoplasia
Name common causes of lead exposure and its potential effects on children.
-causes: ingested/inhaled in old homes
-consequences: weakened immune system, decreased cognitive function, negative attitude changes
Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if…
oxygen is supplied quickly
Active TB is characterized by ________ necrosis.
caseous
Brain cell death is characterized by _________ necrosis
liquefactive
What injury could occur when blood flow is restored to an area of ischemia?
ischemia-reperfusion
Reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals damage cells by attacking the ________.
membrane
Release of ________ into the cytoplasm during ischemia causes damage to the cell.
calcium
What type of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis) causes inflammation?
necrosis
Name the 8 common substances that infiltrate/accumulate in cells (manifestations of cellular injury)
water, lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium, and urate
