Exam IV - Final Review Flashcards
The autonomic nervous system controls:
parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous systems, visceral organs
Definitions of LoC (hint:CDLOS)
Confusion
Disorientation
Lethargy
Obtunded–falls asleep w/o stimulus
Stupor–deep sleep
Alzheimer’s patho + symptoms
Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques –> brain atrophy
CM: forgetting, confusion, upset, distraction
Parkinson’s patho and symptoms
Low dopamine –> degeneration of basal ganglia
CM: resting tremor, shuffling gait, autonomic/endocrine issues, dementia
Huntington’s patho and symptoms
-autosomal dominant disorder –> low GABA –> basal ganglia/cortex degeneration
CM: hyperkinesia, dementia
ALS patho + symptoms
-idiopathic upper/lower motor neuron degeneration
CM–progressive: muscle weakness (hyporeflexia), muscle atrophy, res failure/death
MS vs myasthesia gravis
MS: acquired autoimmune disease, illness –> progressive/inflammatory lymphocyte demyelination of brain/optic nerve–> paresthesia, visual issues, incontinence
Myasthenia Gravis: autoimmune Ach muscle receptors destroyed –> diplopia, dysphagia… muscle weakness
CVA risk factors
Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Afib, smoking, alcohol, diabetes
Define autonomic hyperreflexia
-autonomic hyperreflexia: sympathetic over-response (F/F) as result of spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury at T5 or up can lead to:
neurogenic shock–parasympathetic takeover
Cerebral infarctions are often caused by _______ ________ and treated with _______.
vascular occlusion, heparin
Clinical manifestations and possible outcomes of TBI
S/S: pupillary change, decorticate/deceribate posturing, RR difference/pattern change, A+O change
Secondary complications: edema –> stroke, postconcussion syndrome, PT seizure, CTE –> dementia
Role of the kidney in controlling RBC production
-senses hypoxia
-produces Epo
-stimulates RBC production
RAA system
low BP –> kidneys produce renin –> renin coverts A to AI –> ACE converts AI to AII –> vasoconstriction (from ADH)/aldosterone production –> increased BP
Pre vs intra vs post ARF
-pre: most common–hypoperfusion of kidneys
-intra: direct damage to kidneys (CT medium, disease)
-post–urine backup to kidneys
Nephrotic syndrome patho, S/S
patho: disease –> AKI –> glomerulus not filtering protein –> proteinuria
S/S: orbital edema, weight gain, HTN, >3.5g protein in urine/day, low albumin
Symptoms, risks of kidney stones
S/S: colicky flank pain radiating towards groin
most common in white males 40-50
Congenital renal issues
Hypospadia: urethra ventral on penis
Epispadia: urethra dorsal on penis
Bladder extrophy: bladder out of body
Aplasia: no kidneys
Horsehoe kidney: one, U-shaped kidney
S/S of HUS
Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, ARF
-pallor, bruising, jaundice r/t HemAm, azotemia, oliguria, fever
-Seizure/lethargy indicates CNS involvement
The hypothalamus produces…
TRH, CRH, GnRH, dopamine
The thyroid releases ___________ or ___, which contributes to (4 things)
-thyroxine or T4
-BP, tissue growth, sk/nervous system development, reproduction
What do they adrenal medulla and cortex secrete?
-Medulla: epi/norepi
-Cortex: cortisol
The parathyroid secretes ____, which is a major part of ____ homeostasis
-PTH
-Ca
The pancreas secretes ______ and _________
insulin, glucagon
Hyperparathyroidism leads to an _______ in Ca
increase
Panhypopituitarism side effects
FSH/LH –> gonad atrophy
ACTH –> fatigue, N/V, anorexia
TSH –> (low metabolism) dryness, cold intolerance, constipation…
Prolactin –> failure of lactation
GRH –> growth failure, low body fat, dryness
SIADH vs DI
SIADH (high ADH)
-edema, low plasma osmolarity/high urine osmolarity, hyponatremia (mental changes), hypertension
DI
-polyuria, dehydration, high plasma osmolarity/low urine osmolarity, tachycardia, hypotension
Hyperthyroidism vs hypothroidism
Hyper: Graves
-autoimmune TSH mimicker
-high metabolism: anorexia, weight loss, heat intolerance, diarrhea, smooth skin, tachycardia
Hypo: Hashimoto’s
-autoimmune thyroid destruction
-low metabolism: fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, edema, bradycardia, hair loss
Cushing’s disease (patho and symptoms)
ACTH –> Cortisol overproduction
-S/S: hirsutism, moon face, buffalo hump, hyperpigmentation
What is a pheochromocytoma?
Tumor of the adrenal medulla –> high epi/norepi release
Describe a patient with DKA
-likely DMI
-Kussmaul respirations, ketones and protein in urine, hyperkalemia, acetone/sweet breath
A normal GFR is ____
180
3 Ps of DMI
polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Supporting neuroglia and functions
PNS
Schwann cells: myelination
Satellite cells: support/structure
CNS
Oligodendrocytes: mylenation
Astrocytes: ICF balance
Microglia: phagocytosize (immune fucntion)
Coup/Contracoup movement results in _______ _________
axonal shearing
Congenital hydrocephalus is increased ____ pressure and ventricle enlargement as a result of…
CSF,
result of malformation during brain development
Describe the 3 types of spina bifida/NTD
-occulta (hidden missing vertebrae)
-meningocele (spinal “bubble” w/ no cord)
-myelomenigocele (spinal bubble w/ spinal cord)
Pathophys and symptoms of cerebral palsy
chronic, nonprogressive ‘static encephalopathy’ emerges in young children
S/S: poor coordination, weakness, tremor. Impaired vision, sensation, hearing, speech
____________ is a congenital eye tumor characterized by a “white iris”
Retinoblastoma
Anencephaly vs Encephalocele
Anencephaly: born w/o part of brain and skull, fatal
Encephalocele: brain protruding from back of head
