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N318 - Pathophysiology > Exam IV - Final Review > Flashcards

Exam IV - Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls:

A

parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous systems, visceral organs

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2
Q

Definitions of LoC (hint:CDLOS)

A

Confusion
Disorientation
Lethargy
Obtunded–falls asleep w/o stimulus
Stupor–deep sleep

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3
Q

Alzheimer’s patho + symptoms

A

Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques –> brain atrophy
CM: forgetting, confusion, upset, distraction

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4
Q

Parkinson’s patho and symptoms

A

Low dopamine –> degeneration of basal ganglia
CM: resting tremor, shuffling gait, autonomic/endocrine issues, dementia

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5
Q

Huntington’s patho and symptoms

A

-autosomal dominant disorder –> low GABA –> basal ganglia/cortex degeneration
CM: hyperkinesia, dementia

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6
Q

ALS patho + symptoms

A

-idiopathic upper/lower motor neuron degeneration
CM–progressive: muscle weakness (hyporeflexia), muscle atrophy, res failure/death

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7
Q

MS vs myasthesia gravis

A

MS: acquired autoimmune disease, illness –> progressive/inflammatory lymphocyte demyelination of brain/optic nerve–> paresthesia, visual issues, incontinence

Myasthenia Gravis: autoimmune Ach muscle receptors destroyed –> diplopia, dysphagia… muscle weakness

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8
Q

CVA risk factors

A

Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Afib, smoking, alcohol, diabetes

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9
Q

Define autonomic hyperreflexia

A

-autonomic hyperreflexia: sympathetic over-response (F/F) as result of spinal cord injury

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10
Q

Spinal cord injury at T5 or up can lead to:

A

neurogenic shock–parasympathetic takeover

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11
Q

Cerebral infarctions are often caused by _______ ________ and treated with _______.

A

vascular occlusion, heparin

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12
Q

Clinical manifestations and possible outcomes of TBI

A

S/S: pupillary change, decorticate/deceribate posturing, RR difference/pattern change, A+O change

Secondary complications: edema –> stroke, postconcussion syndrome, PT seizure, CTE –> dementia

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13
Q

Role of the kidney in controlling RBC production

A

-senses hypoxia
-produces Epo
-stimulates RBC production

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14
Q

RAA system

A

low BP –> kidneys produce renin –> renin coverts A to AI –> ACE converts AI to AII –> vasoconstriction (from ADH)/aldosterone production –> increased BP

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15
Q

Pre vs intra vs post ARF

A

-pre: most common–hypoperfusion of kidneys
-intra: direct damage to kidneys (CT medium, disease)
-post–urine backup to kidneys

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16
Q

Nephrotic syndrome patho, S/S

A

patho: disease –> AKI –> glomerulus not filtering protein –> proteinuria
S/S: orbital edema, weight gain, HTN, >3.5g protein in urine/day, low albumin

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17
Q

Symptoms, risks of kidney stones

A

S/S: colicky flank pain radiating towards groin
most common in white males 40-50

18
Q

Congenital renal issues

A

Hypospadia: urethra ventral on penis
Epispadia: urethra dorsal on penis
Bladder extrophy: bladder out of body
Aplasia: no kidneys
Horsehoe kidney: one, U-shaped kidney

19
Q

S/S of HUS

A

Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, ARF
-pallor, bruising, jaundice r/t HemAm, azotemia, oliguria, fever
-Seizure/lethargy indicates CNS involvement

20
Q

The hypothalamus produces…

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, dopamine

21
Q

The thyroid releases ___________ or ___, which contributes to (4 things)

A

-thyroxine or T4
-BP, tissue growth, sk/nervous system development, reproduction

22
Q

What do they adrenal medulla and cortex secrete?

A

-Medulla: epi/norepi
-Cortex: cortisol

23
Q

The parathyroid secretes ____, which is a major part of ____ homeostasis

A

-PTH
-Ca

24
Q

The pancreas secretes ______ and _________

A

insulin, glucagon

25
Q

Hyperparathyroidism leads to an _______ in Ca

A

increase

26
Q

Panhypopituitarism side effects

A

FSH/LH –> gonad atrophy
ACTH –> fatigue, N/V, anorexia
TSH –> (low metabolism) dryness, cold intolerance, constipation…
Prolactin –> failure of lactation
GRH –> growth failure, low body fat, dryness

27
Q

SIADH vs DI

A

SIADH (high ADH)
-edema, low plasma osmolarity/high urine osmolarity, hyponatremia (mental changes), hypertension
DI
-polyuria, dehydration, high plasma osmolarity/low urine osmolarity, tachycardia, hypotension

28
Q

Hyperthyroidism vs hypothroidism

A

Hyper: Graves
-autoimmune TSH mimicker
-high metabolism: anorexia, weight loss, heat intolerance, diarrhea, smooth skin, tachycardia

Hypo: Hashimoto’s
-autoimmune thyroid destruction
-low metabolism: fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, edema, bradycardia, hair loss

29
Q

Cushing’s disease (patho and symptoms)

A

ACTH –> Cortisol overproduction
-S/S: hirsutism, moon face, buffalo hump, hyperpigmentation

30
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor of the adrenal medulla –> high epi/norepi release

31
Q

Describe a patient with DKA

A

-likely DMI
-Kussmaul respirations, ketones and protein in urine, hyperkalemia, acetone/sweet breath

32
Q

A normal GFR is ____

A

180

33
Q

3 Ps of DMI

A

polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia

34
Q

Supporting neuroglia and functions

A

PNS
Schwann cells: myelination
Satellite cells: support/structure

CNS
Oligodendrocytes: mylenation
Astrocytes: ICF balance
Microglia: phagocytosize (immune fucntion)

35
Q

Coup/Contracoup movement results in _______ _________

A

axonal shearing

36
Q

Congenital hydrocephalus is increased ____ pressure and ventricle enlargement as a result of…

A

CSF,
result of malformation during brain development

37
Q

Describe the 3 types of spina bifida/NTD

A

-occulta (hidden missing vertebrae)
-meningocele (spinal “bubble” w/ no cord)
-myelomenigocele (spinal bubble w/ spinal cord)

38
Q

Pathophys and symptoms of cerebral palsy

A

chronic, nonprogressive ‘static encephalopathy’ emerges in young children
S/S: poor coordination, weakness, tremor. Impaired vision, sensation, hearing, speech

38
Q

____________ is a congenital eye tumor characterized by a “white iris”

A

Retinoblastoma

39
Q

Anencephaly vs Encephalocele

A

Anencephaly: born w/o part of brain and skull, fatal
Encephalocele: brain protruding from back of head

N318 - Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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