The Brain Pt. 2

Question 1

What two parts of the brain does the diencephalon connect?

Answer 1

The brain stem and cerebrum.

Question 2

What surrounds the diencephalon?

Answer 2

The third ventricle.

Question 3

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 3

1. Thalamus.
2. Hypothalamus.
3. Epithalamus.

Question 4

What are the functions of the thalamus?

Answer 4

1. Relay almost all sensory input to cerebral cortex.
2. Provides crude pain, pressure, temperature, and touch perception.
3. Hormone production.
4. Nuclei for movement planning and control.

Question 5

What part of the brain is the major regulator of homeostasis?

Answer 5

Hypothalamus.

Question 6

How many nuclei compose the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

A dozen.

Question 7

What ANS functions is the hypothalamus engaged in?

Answer 7

1. Smooth and cardiac muscle contractions.
2. Gland secretion.
3. Axons extend to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nuclei in the brain and spinal cord.
4. Major regulator of visceral activities (HR, GIT motility, urinary bladder contraction).

Question 8

What are the two types of connections with the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

1. Hypothalamic hormones released into capillary networks.
2. Axons extend to posterior pituitary lobe.

Question 9

How does the hypothalamic hormone connection work?

Answer 9

The bloodstream carries them to anterior lobe of pituitary gland, which stimulates or inhibits the secretion of hormones.

Question 10

How does the nervous hormone connection work?

Answer 10

Cell bodies of neurons make OT and ADH.

Question 11

What system does the hypothalamus work with to regulate emotional/behavioral patterns?

Answer 11

Limbic system.
*Aggression, pain, pleasure, rage.

Question 12

How does the hypothalamus regulate thirst and temperature?

Answer 12

By monitoring rising osmotic pressure in the ECF and rising blood temperature.

Question 13

What does it mean if the hypothalamus controls circadian rhythm and states of consciousness?

Answer 13

It controls patterns of wakefulness and sleep in conjunction with input from the eyes.

Question 14

What are the 2 parts of the epithalamus?

Answer 14

1. Habenular nuclei.
2. Pineal gland.

Question 15

What is the function of the habenular nucleus?

Answer 15

1. Emotional response.
2. Olfaction.
   *ex: Smelling your grandmother’s favorite candle.

Question 16

How big is the pineal gland?

Answer 16

Size of a small pea.

Question 17

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 17

Melatonin.

Question 18

What triggers the release of melatonin?

Answer 18

Decreasing daylight.

Question 19

What does melatonin promote?

Answer 19

Sleepiness, which helps set the body’s biological clock.

Question 20

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 20

The seat of intelligence.

Question 21

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

Answer 21

1. Calculating.
2. Composing.
3. Memory.
4. Moving.
5. Perception.
6. Personality.
7. Planning.
8. Reading.
9. Remembering.
10. Speaking.
11. Writing.

Question 22

What is the outer portion of the cerebral cortex composed of?

Answer 22

Gray matter.

Question 23

What is the inner portion of the cerebral cortex composed of?

Answer 23

White matter.

Question 24

Why does the brain have folds in it?

Answer 24

From gray matter enlarging faster than white matter during embryonic development.

Question 25

What are the regular sized folds in the brain called?

Answer 25

Gyrus or gyri. Also, convolutions.

Question 26

What is the deepest groove between folds?

Answer 26

Fissures.

Question 27

What is the most prominent fissure?

Answer 27

The longitudinal fissure.

Question 28

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

Answer 28

The cerebrum into R and L halves.

Question 29

What are shallower grooves called?

Answer 29

Sulci.

Question 30

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 30

A broad band of white matter that contains axons extending between hemispheres.

Question 31

How many lobes does the cerebrum have?

Answer 31

4.

Question 32

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

Answer 32

1. Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal.

Question 33

What are the lobes of the cerebrum named after?

Answer 33

The bones that cover them.

Question 34

What type of axons does the cerebral white matter contain?

Answer 34

Myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

Question 35

What are the three tract types that are found in the white matter?

Answer 35

1. Association. 2. Commissural. 3. Projection.

Question 36

What are association tracts?

Answer 36

Axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere.

Question 37

What are commissural tracts?

Answer 37

Axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in another hemisphere. ex: Corpus callosum.

Question 38

What are projection tracts?

Answer 38

Axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the lower parts of the CNS and visa versa.

Question 39

Where is the basal ganglia located?

Answer 39

Deep within the cerebrum.

Question 40

What are the 3 parts of the basal ganglia?

Answer 40

1. Caudate nucleus. 2. Globus pallidus. 3. Putamen. *2 and 3 are collectively called the Lentiform nucleus.

Question 41

What does the basal ganglia receive input from?

Answer 41

The cerebral cortex.

Question 42

What does the basal ganglia provide output to?

Answer 42

The motor portions of the cerebral cortex.

Question 43

What are the major functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 43

1. Regulates initiation and termination of movement. 2. Subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles.

Question 44

What are minor functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 44

1. Attention. 2. Memory. 3. Planning. 4. Regulation of emotional behavior with limbic system.

Question 45

What 3 diseases result from dysfunction of the basal ganglia-limbic system connection?

Answer 45

1. Chronic anxiety. 2. OCD. 3. Schizophrenia.

Question 46

Where is the limbic system located?

Answer 46

Encircling the upper part of the brain stem and corpus callosum. *Forms the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of diencephalon.

Question 47

What is the limbic system colloquially referred to as?

Answer 47

The emotional brain.

Question 48

What are the functions of the limbic system?

Answer 48

1. Affection, anger, docility, pain, and pleasure (primarily). 2. Memory. 3. Olfaction.

Question 49

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 49

Memory.