Kidney Pt. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 8 functions of the kidneys?
A
- Regulation of blood ion concentration.
- Regulation of blood pH.
- Regulation of blood volume.
- Regulation of blood pressure.
- Maintenance of blood osmolarity.
- Production of hormones.
- Regulation of blood glucose.
- Excretion of waste.
2
Q
What are the ions in the blood that are regulated by the kidneys?
A
- Ca2+.
- Cl-.
- HPO4-.
- K+.
- Na+.
3
Q
How do the kidneys regulate blood pH?
A
Excretion of H+ ions and conservation of HCO3-.
4
Q
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume?
A
Conserving or eliminating water in urine.
5
Q
How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure?
A
The secretion of renin.
6
Q
How do the kidneys maintain blood osmolarity?
A
Regulation of solute and water loss.
7
Q
What 2 hormones are produced by the kidneys?
A
- Calcitriol.
- Erythropoietin.
8
Q
How do the kidneys regulate blood glucose?
A
Use glutamine in gluconeogenesis.
9
Q
How do the kidneys excrete waste from the body?
A
Urine formation.
10
Q
Where are the kidneys located?
A
Just cranial to the waist, between the peritoneum and posterior wall of abdomen (retroperitoneal space).
11
Q
What set of ribs partially protects the kidneys?
A
The 11th and 12th.
12
Q
How much does each kidney weigh?
A
~5 oz.
13
Q
What is the general shape of the kidney?
A
Bean shaped with concave medial border facing the vertebral column.
14
Q
Where is the renal hilum located?
A
Near the center of the concave border.
15
Q
What is the renal hilum described as?
A
A deep vertical fissure on the medial border of the kidney.
16
Q
What enters/exits the kidney at the renal hilum?
A
- Blood vessels.
- Lymph vessels.
- Nerves.
- Ureters.
17
Q
What are the 3 layers of tissue in the kidney from innermost to outermost?
A
- Renal capsule.
- Adipose tissue.
- Renal fascia.
18
Q
Which of the 3 layers of the kidneys is the deepest?
A
The renal capsule.
19
Q
What is the renal capsule made of?
A
Connective tissue.
20
Q
What does the renal capsule serve as?
A
A barrier against trauma.
*Helps maintain shape.
21
Q
What does the adipose tissue surrounding the kidney aid in?
A
- Protecting the kidney from trauma.
- Holding the kidney in place.
22
Q
Which of the 3 layers of the kidney is the most superficial?
A
The renal fascia.
23
Q
What is the renal fascia composed of?
A
A thin layer of connective tissue.
24
Q
What is the function of the renal fascia?
A
To anchor the kidney to surrounding structures and the abdominal wall.
25
What are the 2 distinct regions of the kidney?
1. Cortex (superficial).
2. Medulla (deep).
26
What does the renal cortex contain?
Everything from the renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids.
27
What are the 2 zones of the renal cortex?
1. The cortical zone (outer).
2. Juxtamedullary (inner).
28
What is the structure of the renal cortex?
Smooth.
29
What does the renal medulla contain?
Several renal pyramids.
30
What are renal columns?
A portion of the cortex that connects the renal pyramids.
31
What is the renal parenchyma?
The collective name for the renal cortex and renal pyramids.
32
What are nephrons?
The functional units of the kidney that are responsible for urine formation.
33
Where are nephrons found?
Within the parenchyma, 1 million.
34
Where does urine formed by nephrons drain into?
Collecting ducts.
35
What do collecting ducts drain into?
Papillary ducts, which extend to the renal papillae of the renal pyramids.
36
What do collecting ducts drain into?
Calyces (plural of calyx).
*Cup-like structures.
37
How many major calyces are there in each kidney?
2-3.
38
How many minor calyces are there in each kidney?
8-18.
39
What is the function of the minor calyces?
To receive urine from papillary ducts of one renal papilla and deliver it to a major calyx.
40
What is the function of the major calyx?
To drain the urine into a single large cavity, the renal pelvis.
41
Where does urine go from the renal pelvis?
Through ureters to the urinary bladder.
42
What is the blood supply to the kidney?
Abundant.
43
How much of the resting cardiac output goes to the kidneys? Through which blood vessel(s) does the blood travel?
1. 20-25%.
2. Right and left renal arteries.
44
What is the renal blood flow rate in a healthy adult?
1200 mL/minute.
45
What do the renal arteries branch to at the kidneys and why?
1. Segmental arteries.
2. To supply the different areas of the kidneys.
46
Where do segmental arteries enter the kidney?
The parenchyma, passing through the renal column between renal pyramids (interlobar area).
47
Where are the arcuate arteries located?
At the base of the renal pyramids.
48
What do the arcuate arteries divide into?
Interlobular arteries.
49
What two parts of the kidney do the interlobular arteries connect?
The renal medulla to the renal cortex via an arch of interlobular arteries.
50
Where doe the interlobular arteries pass through?
Between renal lobules, entering the renal lobules.
51
What do the interlobular arteries branch into?
Afferent arterioles.
52
How many afferent arterioles go to each nephron?
1 per.
53
What does each arteriole end up transforming into?
A tangled, ball-shaped capillary network called the glomerulus.
54
After blood has gone through glomerular filtration, what do the glomerular capillaries reunite as?
Efferent arterioles.
55
Why is the glomerulus considered to be part of both the cardiovascular and urinary system?
1. Part of the capillary system.
2. Aids in urine formation.
56
What do efferent arterioles divide into?
Peritubular capillaries.
57
What do peritubular capillaries surround?
The tubular parts of the nephron in the renal cortex.
58
What is the vasa recta?
A long loop-shaped set of capillaries.
59
What is the vasa recta an extension of?
Some efferent arterioles.
60
What do the vasa recta supply blood to?
The tubular portion of the nephron in the renal medulla.
61
What do peritubular capillaries eventually reunite to form?
Peritubular veins.
62
What do peritubular veins unite to form?
Interlobular veins.
63
What is the path of blood flow through the kidney starting with the renal artery?
1. Renal artery.
2. Segmental artery.
3. Interlobular artery.
4. Arcuate artery.
5. Interlobular artery.
6. Afferent arterioles.
7. Glomerular capillaries.
8. Efferent arterioles.
9. Peritubular capillaries.
10. Interlobular veins.
11. Arcuate veins.
12. Interlobular veins.
13. Renal veins.
14. Inferior vena cava.
64
Where do nerves going to the kidneys originate?
The celiac ganglion.
65
What do the renal nerves pass through before innervating the kidney?
The renal plexus.
66
What part of the nervous system are the renal nerves?
The sympathetic division of the ANS.
67
What specific type of nerves are renal nerves?
Vasomotor neurons.
68
What is the function of vasomotor neurons?
To control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of renal arterioles.
69
What are the 2 parts of the nephron?
1. Renal corpuscle.
2. Renal tubule.
70
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
To filter blood plasma.
71
What are the 2 components of the renal corpuscle?
1. Glomerulus.
2. Glomerular capsule.
72
What is the glomerulus?
Capillary network.
73
What is the glomerular capsule?
Epithelial cup that surround the glomerular capillaries.
74
What is the function of the renal tubule?
Where the filtered fluid goes for further processing.
75
What are the 3 sections of the renal tubule?
1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
2. Loop of Henle (LOH).
3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
76
Where are the renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules located?
The renal cortex.
77
Where is the LOH located?
Extends into the renal medulla.
78
What do several DCT empty into?
A single collecting duct.
79
What do several collecting ducts empty into?
Papillary ducts.
*There are several hundred, but less than the amount of collecting ducts.
80
What do papillary ducts drain into?
Minor calyces.
81
What are the 2 types of nephrons?
1. Cortical nephron.
2. Juxtamedullary nephron.
82
What % of nephrons are cortical nephrons?
80-85%.
83
Where does the renal corpuscle lie in cortical nephrons?
In the outer region of the renal cortex.
84
How is the LOH for the cortical nephron described?
Short, only penetrates the outer region of the renal medulla.
*No vasa recta.
85
What % of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons?
15-20%.
86
Where does the renal corpuscle lie in juxtamedullary nephrons?
Deep in the renal cortex.
87
How is the LOH for the juxtamedullary nephron described?
Long, extends into the deep regions of the renal medulla.
*Contains a vasa recta.
88
What is the histology of the majority of the nephron?
A single layer of epithelial cells.
89
What are the 2 layers in the glomerular capsule?
1. Visceral.
2. Parietal.
90
What type of simple epithelial tissue is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule composed of?
Modified simple squamous epithelial cells, specifically podocytes.
91
How do podocytes interact with the glomerular capillaries?
The foot-like projections (pedicels) wrap around endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries and form the inner walls of the capsule.
92
What type of simple epithelial tissue is the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule composed of?
Simple squamous epithelium.
93
What is the function of the parietal layer in the glomerular capsule?
To form its outer wall.
94
What is the capsular/Bowman's space?
The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule.
95
What is in the capsular/Bowman's space?
Filtered fluid before it enters the PCT.
96
What type of epithelial cell composes the PCT?
Simple cuboidal.
97
What is the purpose of the microvilli in the PCT?
1. Increase surface area.
2. Improved reabsorption and secretion.
98
How is the PCT similar to the digestive tract?
Both are lined with a prominent brush border of microvilli located on the apical surface of cells.
99
What epithelial cell composes the descending limb of the LOH and the 1st part of the ascending limb of the LOH?
Simple squamous epithelium.
100
What epithelial cell composes the thick ascending limb of the LOH?
Simple cuboidal epithelium/ low columnar epithelium.
101
What does the final part of the ascending limb of the LOH contact?
The afferent arteriole serving that renal corpuscle.
102
What are macula densa?
Columnar tubular cells crowded together.
103
What is alongside the wall of the macula densa?
The wall of the afferent arteriole.
104
What type of muscle is in the wall of the afferent arteriole?
Modified smooth muscle.
105
What is contained in the juxtoglomerular apparatus?
1. Juxtoglomerular cells (JG cells).
2. Macula densa.
106
What does the juxtoglomerular apparatus help regulate?
Helps regulate blood pressure.
107
What are the 2 types of cells located in the DCT and collecting ducts?
1. Principal cells (primarily).
2. Intercalated cells.
108
What is the role of primary cells?
Act as ADH and aldosterone receptors.
109
What is the role of intercalated cells?
Homeostasis of blood pH.
110
What type of epithelial cells make up papillary ducts?
Simple columnar epithelium.
