Muscles Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Striated.
  2. Voluntary.
  3. Moves bones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are skeletal muscles controlled by?

A

Somatic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A
  1. Lacks striations.
  2. Involuntary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

In blood vessels, airways, and lining organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are smooth muscles controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A
  1. Striated.
  2. Intercalated discs.
  3. Involuntary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cardiac muscle controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A
  1. Produce body movement.
  2. Stabilize body position.
  3. Store and move substances w/in the body.
  4. Generating heat.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does muscle move the body?

A

Through tendons that connect them to bones and ligaments that connect them to one another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the muscles called that stabilize body position?

A

Postural muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What muscles assist with storage and movement of substances in the body?

A
  1. Movement of gametes (smooth muscles in vas deferens and uterus).
  2. Uterus in blood vessel walls.
  3. Sphincters.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do muscles generate heat?

A

They contract, causing shivering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Contractility.
  2. Elasticity.
  3. Electrical Excitability.
  4. Extensibility.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does contractility allow for?

A

The muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stm. by an action potential, allowing for tension generation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does electrical excitability allow for?

A

Responsiveness to action potentials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does elasticity allow for?

A

The muscle to return to its original length and shape after stretching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does extensibility allow for?

A

The muscle to stretch w/o being damaged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Muscle fiber plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the transverse tubule/T-tubule?

A

The sarcolemma extension that carries the action potential to the sarcoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of muscle cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

The calcium storage, release, and reuptake unit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are terminal cisterns?

A

End portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that contact T-tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a triad composed of?

A

T-tubules + 2 terminal cisterns on either side of the T-tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is actin?

A

The thin myofilaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is myosin?

A

Thick myofilaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the troponin and tropomyosin complex?

A

The complex located on the actin filaments that regulate the interaction between actin and myosin. Undergoes a conformation change due to calcium binding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Z-Disc?

A

Point of actin attachment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the sarcomere?

A

The smallest functional unit of a muscle cell. Spans the z-disc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the motor unit?

A

A single motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it supplies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Muscle strand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the rule with a motor unit?

A

Only one motor nerve innervation per muscle fiber but a motor neuron may innervate more than one muscle fiber.

*How many muscle fibers are innervated is location dependent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the A Band?

A

Where the myosin is located in the muscle fiber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the I Band?

A

Where the actin is located in the muscle fiber. Shrinks with contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the M Line/Myomesin?

A

The center of the sarcomere that attaches myosin together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What portion of the muscle fiber disappears when contraction occurs?

A

The H-zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is muscle?

A

Many muscle fibers aligned in parallel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is muscle fiber?

A

Single, multi-nucleated, long cylindrical cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Bundles (100’s-1000’s) of contractile filaments within muscle fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What doe the heads on myosin fibers look like?

A

Bi-lobed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do the myosin heads attach to the actin?

A

In coordination, not unison.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the MW of myosin?

A

480,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many polypeptide chains is myosin composed of?

A

6.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How many heavy chains does myosin contain?

45
Q

How many light chains does myosin contain?

46
Q

What do the 2 myosin heavy chains form?

A

A double helix with a tail and the other end forms bilaterally into a globular bi-lobed head.

47
Q

How many light chains are connected to each myosin head?

48
Q

What is the function of myosin light chains?

A

Controlling the function of the myosin head during contraction.

49
Q

How many myosin filaments make up a myofilament?

50
Q

What are crossbridges?

A

Protruding arms and heads on the myosin fibers.

51
Q

At what 2 points do crossbridges flex?

A
  1. Where the arm leaves the body.
  2. Where the head attaches to the arm.
52
Q

At what angle are crossbridges displaced from one another?

A

120 degrees.

53
Q

What does the myosin head contain?

A

An ATP binding site.

54
Q

What does ATPase enzyme activity near the ATP binding site cause to occur?

A

Cleavage of the ATP and utilization of the released energy for contraction.

55
Q

What are the 3 parts of the actin filament?

A
  1. Actin.
  2. Tropomyosin.
  3. Troponin.
56
Q

What is the backbone of the actin filament composed of?

A

2x-stranded filamentous actin with the addition of globular actin molecules.

57
Q

What is the MW of actin?

58
Q

Where is ADP found in actin filaments?

A

Active sites.

59
Q

What is holding the base of the actin filaments?

60
Q

What is the MW of tropomyosin?

61
Q

Where is tropomyosin found?

A

Wrapped spirally around the sides of the F-actin helix.

62
Q

What does tropomyosin look like in the resting state?

A
  1. Lies on top of active sites on actin.
  2. No attraction of actin and myosin.
63
Q

Where is troponin found?

A

Attached intermittently along the sides of tropomyosin.

64
Q

What 3 protein subunits is troponin composed of?

A
  1. Troponin I.
  2. Troponin T.
  3. Troponin C.
65
Q

What is troponin I attached to?

66
Q

What is troponin T attached to?

A

Tropomyosin.

67
Q

What is troponin C attached to?

68
Q

What is the 3rd most plentiful protein in skeletal muscle?

A

Titin.
*One of the largest protein molecules in the body.

69
Q

What is the function of titin?

A
  1. Helps maintain side-by-side alignment of actin and myosin.
  2. Myofibril elasticity and extensibility.
70
Q

How large is a titin protein?

A

1/2 a sarcomere, Z-disc to M line.

71
Q

What is the function of myomesin?

A
  1. Binds titin to connect adjacent thick filaments to one another.
  2. Forms M line.
72
Q

What type of protein is nebulin?

A

A non-elastic protein.

73
Q

Where is nebulin found in the myofiber?

A

Wrapped around the entire length of each actin filament.

74
Q

What is the function of nebulin?

A

To help anchor the actin to the Z-disc.

75
Q

What type of protein is dystrophin?

A

A cytoskeleton protein.

76
Q

Where is dystrophin found in the myofiber?

A

Linking actin of the sarcomere to integral membrane proteins of the sarcolemma.

77
Q

What is the function of dystrophin?

A
  1. Help transmit tension generated.
  2. To reinforce the the sarcolemma.
78
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

An inherited disease that causes the progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle.

79
Q

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?

A

A type of sex-linked (X chromosome) muscular dystrophy caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for dystrophin. This results in the sarcolemma tearing during muscle contraction.
*Most common type.

80
Q

What is the prevalence of DMD?

A

1:3500 males.

81
Q

When are most males with DMD diagnosed? When do most die?

A
  1. 2-5 yrs. old.
  2. 20 years old.
82
Q

What are the steps of muscle relaxation?

A
  1. Ca2+ is pumped into the SR by active transport.
  2. Ca2+ is released from troponin.
  3. The troponin slides back into place, covering the myosin binding site.
83
Q

What is Calsequestrin?

A

A calcium-binding protein in the SR.

84
Q

How much higher is the Ca2+ concentration in the SR than in the cytosol?

85
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle action?

A
  1. Concentric.
  2. Eccentric.
  3. Static.
86
Q

What is concentric muscle action?

A

Shortening of the muscle as the actin filaments pull closer together.
*Principle action.

87
Q

What is eccentric muscle action?

A

Exerting force while lengthening as the actin filaments are pulled further away from the center of the sarcomere.

88
Q

What is static muscle action?

A

Muscle action w/o moving where the muscle length is the same, despite force being generated by the formation and recycling of myosin crossbridges.
*Joint angle does not change

89
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Contraction against a constant load, normally when mechanically work is being done.
ex: Locomotion.

90
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Contraction w/o an appreciable decrease in length of the muscle due to the muscle being unable to overcome the load placed on it.
ex: Posture.

91
Q

What is the other name for Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)?

A

Impressive Syndrome.

92
Q

What is the origin of HYPP?

A

A mutation in the quarter horse stallion Impressive.

93
Q

What is the mutation that causes HYPP?

A

A point mutation where a phenylalanine is replaced with a leucine, affecting the function of voltage-gated sodium channels.

94
Q

What is the heritability pattern of HYPP?

A

Autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.
*H/H horses are more severely affected.

95
Q

What are the signs of HYPP?

A
  1. Dog sitting.
  2. Loud breathing.
  3. Muscle fasciculation/tremors.
  4. Prolapsed third eyelid.
  5. Sporadic episodes (30-60 min.) of muscle paralysis due to abnormal depolarization of muscle cell membrane.
96
Q

What is HYPP often confused with?

97
Q

What is the exact physiological process behind HYPP?

A

Na+ channels do not close fast enough, causing them to be “leaky”. This results in an inappropriate influx of Na+ followed by K+ efflux, causing hyperkalemia.

98
Q

What are the downstream effects of the malfunctioning sodium channels?

A
  1. Altered membrane permeability to Na+ and K+.
  2. Altered Na+/K+ pump function.
  3. Increased K+ in the ECF makes Na+ channels excitable.
  4. Reduced Ca2+ release from the SR.
99
Q

What are the treatment options for HYPP?

A
  1. Acetazolamide.
  2. Hydrochlorothiazide.
  3. Calcium gluconate w/ 5% dextrose solution.
  4. Karo syrup.
  5. Low K+ diet.
100
Q

What is the other name for milk fever?

A

Parturient Paresis.

101
Q

When does parturient paresis generally occur?

A

At/near parturition. Usually w/in 72 hours.

102
Q

What causes parturient paresis?

A

The onset of lactation, which depletes the Ca2+ levels in the body (especially in the ECF).

103
Q

What are signs of stage 1 milk fever?

A
  1. Excitability.
  2. Hypersensitivity.
  3. Mildly ataxic.
  4. Mild tremors.
  5. Restless.
104
Q

What are signs of stage 2 milk fever?

A
  1. Cold extremities.
  2. Dull demeanor.
  3. Inappetence.
  4. Maintenance of sternal recumbency.
  5. Subnormal temperature.
  6. Unable to stand.
105
Q

What are signs of stage 3 milk fever?

A
  1. Coma.
  2. Complete muscle flaccidity.
  3. Unable to maintain sternal recumbency.
  4. Unresponsive to stimuli.
    *Survives only a few hours in this state.
106
Q

What is occurring at the nerve during milk fever?

A

Not enough Ca2+ present to regulate Na+ permeability, leading to increases in resting membrane potential and excitability. However, no neurotransmitters will be released due to no Ca2+ entering near the axon terminal.

107
Q

What is occurring at the muscle during milk fever?

A

No action potential from the motor neuron leads to no muscle action potential, no Ca2+ released from SR, and no contraction.

108
Q

What is the treatment for milk fever?

A

IV/IP/SQ calcium gluconate.
*Administer slowly to avoid the cardiotoxic effects of Ca2+.

109
Q

How is milk fever prevented?

A
  1. Addition of anionic salts to ration to enhance Ca2+ resorption from bone and absorption from GIT.
    *Dietary cation/anion difference (DCAD).