ADPHY: Introduction to Membranes Pt. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is physiology?
A
The study of the function of organ systems and tissues working in unison in living organisms.
*Is PHYSIcal/active.
2
Q
What are the 4 things that physiology controls in wildlife?
A
- Behavior.
- Feeding.
- Movement.
- Shelter-Seeking.
*Acting, Eating, Moving, Covering.
3
Q
How does feeding relate to physiology?
A
- Finding resources.
- Intaking nutrients.
4
Q
How does movement relate to physiology?
A
Assessing risks in the environment and making a decision about what to do next.
5
Q
How does shelter-seeking relate to physiology?
A
- Protection from the elements.
- Protection from predators (if necessary).
6
Q
What 4 specific activities under behavior are influenced by physiology?
A
- Activity period.
- Defense.
- Reproduction (Short-day, Long-day, year-round).
- Social.
7
Q
What might occur during the activity period of an animal?
A
- Hunting.
- Resting.
- Socializing.
- Reproduction.
8
Q
What might an animal be defending?
A
- Resources/territory.
- Social group.
9
Q
What subcategories fall under reproduction?
A
- Short-day breeder.
- Long-day breeder.
- Year-round breeder.
10
Q
What does the social aspect of an animal’s life refer to?
A
Where it falls in a group hierarchy.
11
Q
What is the ultimate goal of all functions that fall under physiology?
A
Survival of the animal.
12
Q
How does physiology in domestic animals differ from that of wild animals?
A
It has been manipulated by humans.
13
Q
What 3 environments do domestic animals take shelter in?
A
- Barn.
- Shade.
- Completely enclosed buildings with controlled lighting for light/dark cycles.
*Completely enclosed controlled light Shady Barn.
14
Q
What are light/dark cycles used to control?
A
- Reproductive cyclicity.
- Egg production.
15
Q
What three things are designed to optimize the physiological responses of animals?
A
- Nutrition.
- Facilities.
- Animal practices.
16
Q
What is optimized as a result of optimizing physiological responses?
A
Production.
17
Q
What are the two reasons humans want to maximize physiologic responses in animals?
A
- Economic gain through production (Cattle, Swine, Sheep).
- Social bonds (Dogs, Cats, Horses).
18
Q
How many cells are organized into different functional structures (organs)?
A
100 trillion.
19
Q
What does each cell contribute to?
A
Homeostasis.
20
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The maintenance of a constant internal balance in the body.
21
Q
What occurs if one or more functional systems fail to maintain homeostasis?
A
Sickness (moderate) or death (extreme).
22
Q
What is homeorrhesis?
A
The maintenance of a biological process along a steady path.
23
Q
What is an example of homeorrhesis?
A
Growth.
24
Q
Why is transport across cell membranes important?
A
Organ systems depend on transport mechanisms for proper function and survival.
25
What does the nervous system depend on transport across cell membranes for?
Exchange of Na^+ and K^+ to generate an action potential.
26
What does the respiratory system depend on transport across cell membranes for?
Exchange of O2/CO2.
27
What does the cardiac system depend on transport across cell membranes for?
Contraction.
28
What does the renal system depend on transport across cell membranes for?
1. Waste removal.
2. Water retention.
29
What does the GIT depend on transport across cell membranes for?
Nutrient absorption.
30
What does intracellular refer to?
Processes happening or substances found within a cell.
31
What is an example of an intracellular process?
DNA replication.
32
What does intercellular refer to?
Processes happening or substances found between cells.
*Interstate highways run between states.
33
What is an example of an intercellular process?
Exchange of nutrients through tight junctions.
34
What does extracellular refer to?
Processes happening or substances found outside of cells.
35
What is an example of an extracellular process?
Releasing cytokines.
36
What is extracellular fluid (ECF) composed of?
1. Interstitial fluid.
2. Intravascular fluid.
37
What does the ECF compose in the animal?
Its internal environment.
38
What do all tissues have by virtue of possessing a membrane?
A resting membrane potential.
39
What do Na^+ and K^+ allow for the generation of in the body?
A membrane potential.
40
What does Cl^- act as in the body?
A electrical osmotic regulator, CO2 transport.
41
What does HCO3^- act as in the body?
A buffer (Usually for carbonic acid), CO2 transport.
42
What does glucose act as in the body?
Nutrients.
43
What do amino acids act as in the body?
The base for protein structure and products.
44
What do fats act as in the body?
Energy, hormones, cell membrane function, fat soluble vitamins.
45
What process do PO2 and CO2 act in?
Cellular respiration.
*PO2=Partial Pressure of oxygen or the level of O2 available for use in cellular respiration.
46
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
A membrane that can change its permeability in response to changes to the internal or external environment of the cell.
47
What is an example of a change a semi-permeable membrane would undergo?
Increasing its permeability for glucose as a result of increased insulin secretion.
48
What percentage of the cell membrane is protein?
55%.
49
What percentage of the cell membrane is phospholipids?
25%.
50
What are the 2 primary phospholipids?
1. Phosphotidylcholine.
2. Phosphatidylethanolamine.
51
Where can proteins be found on a cell membrane?
1. Exterior surface.
2. Interior surface.
3. Transmembrane.
52
Where are the hydrophobic portions of a protein or hydrophobic proteins found?
On the interior of the membrane.
53
Where are the hydrophilic portions of a protein or hydrophilic proteins found?
1. Inner membrane.
2. Outer membrane.
CLARIFY THIS ONE.
54
What are the 5 types of proteins?
1. Channel protein.
2. Enzymes.
3. Pumps.
4. Receptors.
5. Structural.
55
What is an example of a channel protein?
Ion channel for Ca^2+.
56
What is an example of an enzyme?
Glucokinase.
57
What is an example of a pump protein?
Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump.
58
What is an example of a receptor protein?
GnRH receptor.
59
What is an example of a structural protein?
Actin.
60
How is the lipid bilayer described?
Not miscible with extra-or intracellular fluid.
61
What is the primary function of the lipid bilayer?
A barrier against the movement of water and water-soluble molecules.
62
What helps facilitate the movement of molecules through the lipid bilayer?
Membrane proteins.
63
What two processes are used to facilitate the movement of molecules?
1. Diffusion.
2. Active transport.
64
What are the 3 types of transport mechanisms?
1. Passive Transport (simple diffusion).
2. Carrier Mediated Transport (Facilitated diffusion).
3. Active Transport.
65
What is passive transport?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane without the use of energy.
66
What is an example of passive transport?
Diffusion.
67
What is carrier mediated transport?
The movement of particles across a cell membrane using a protein called a transporter.
68
What is an example of carrier mediated transport?
Calcium pump.
69
What is active transport?
The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration across a cell membrane using energy.
70
What is an example of active transport?
Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump.
71
What is the energy source for active transport?
ATP.
72
What 2 factors is diffusion influenced by?
1. Membrane structure and characteristics.
2. Ion/molecule structure.
73
What is lipid solubility?
The ability of a substance to dissolve in lipids and how easily it crosses a lipid membrane.
74
What are materials with a high lipid solubility?
1. Alcohols.
2. Fatty acid based materials.
3. CO2.
4. O2.
75
What is water solubility?
The ability of a substance to dissolve in water.
76
What are most, if not all, water soluble molecules referred to as?
Polar.
77
What structures do polar compounds have a hard time passing through?
Lipid-based structures.
78
Why do polar compounds have a hard time passing through lipid-based structures?
Size or charge.
*Also the characteristics of what you are moving.
79
What structure do polar compounds use to pass through the lipid bilayer?
Channels.
80
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration until dynamic equilibrium is reached.
81
What is osmolarity?
The concentration of osmoles in a volume of solution.
82
What is an osmole?
1 gram of molecular weight of osmotically active solution. Abbreviated as Os.
83
What is osmotic pressure in a cell that is hypertonic relative to its environment?
<300 mOs.
*Cell is crenated.
84
What is osmotic pressure in a cell that is isotonic relative to its environment?
300 mOs.
*Cell is good.
85
What is osmotic pressure in a cell that is hypotonic relative to its environment?
>300 mOs.
*Cell has lysed.
86
What is the ratio (more or less) of solute to solvent in a hypertonic solution?
More solute : Less solvent.
87
What is the ratio of solute to solvent in a isotonic solution?
Equal parts solute and solvent.
88
What is the ratio of solute to solvent in a hypotonic solution?
Less solute : More Solvent.
89
What pump is required for the relaxation of muscles?
Ca^+ ATPase pump.
90
What pump is ubiquitous in tissues?
The Na+/K+ ATPase Pump.
91
What is the exchange rate of sodium and potassium through the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?
2 Na+ out for every 3 K+ in.
92
Which side of the cell membrane has a net negative charge due to this exchange of Na+ and K+?
The intracellular side.
93
What does the difference in charge between the two sides of the cell membrane result in?
A net negative electrical gradient.
94
What is the resting membrane potential of most cells?
-70 mV.
95
What % of cell energy is utilized by Na+/K+ ATPase Pumps?
33%.
96
What % of neuron energy is utilized by Na+/K+ ATPase Pumps?
70%.
97
What 4 functions is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump important in?
1. Nervous system function.
2. Muscle contraction.
3. Gland secretion.
4. Maintain cellular integrity by preventing the osmosis of water into the cell.
