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ANS 433: Neural, Muscular, Renal Physiology > ADPHY: Introduction to Membranes Pt. 1 > Flashcards

ADPHY: Introduction to Membranes Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the function of organ systems and tissues working in unison in living organisms.
*Is PHYSIcal/active.

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2
Q

What are the 4 things that physiology controls in wildlife?

A
  1. Behavior.
  2. Feeding.
  3. Movement.
  4. Shelter-Seeking.
    *Acting, Eating, Moving, Covering.
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3
Q

How does feeding relate to physiology?

A
  1. Finding resources.
  2. Intaking nutrients.
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4
Q

How does movement relate to physiology?

A

Assessing risks in the environment and making a decision about what to do next.

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5
Q

How does shelter-seeking relate to physiology?

A
  1. Protection from the elements.
  2. Protection from predators (if necessary).
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6
Q

What 4 specific activities under behavior are influenced by physiology?

A
  1. Activity period.
  2. Defense.
  3. Reproduction (Short-day, Long-day, year-round).
  4. Social.
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7
Q

What might occur during the activity period of an animal?

A
  1. Hunting.
  2. Resting.
  3. Socializing.
  4. Reproduction.
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8
Q

What might an animal be defending?

A
  1. Resources/territory.
  2. Social group.
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9
Q

What subcategories fall under reproduction?

A
  1. Short-day breeder.
  2. Long-day breeder.
  3. Year-round breeder.
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10
Q

What does the social aspect of an animal’s life refer to?

A

Where it falls in a group hierarchy.

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11
Q

What is the ultimate goal of all functions that fall under physiology?

A

Survival of the animal.

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12
Q

How does physiology in domestic animals differ from that of wild animals?

A

It has been manipulated by humans.

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13
Q

What 3 environments do domestic animals take shelter in?

A
  1. Barn.
  2. Shade.
  3. Completely enclosed buildings with controlled lighting for light/dark cycles.
    *Completely enclosed controlled light Shady Barn.
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14
Q

What are light/dark cycles used to control?

A
  1. Reproductive cyclicity.
  2. Egg production.
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15
Q

What three things are designed to optimize the physiological responses of animals?

A
  1. Nutrition.
  2. Facilities.
  3. Animal practices.
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16
Q

What is optimized as a result of optimizing physiological responses?

A

Production.

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17
Q

What are the two reasons humans want to maximize physiologic responses in animals?

A
  1. Economic gain through production (Cattle, Swine, Sheep).
  2. Social bonds (Dogs, Cats, Horses).
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18
Q

How many cells are organized into different functional structures (organs)?

A

100 trillion.

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19
Q

What does each cell contribute to?

A

Homeostasis.

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20
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal balance in the body.

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21
Q

What occurs if one or more functional systems fail to maintain homeostasis?

A

Sickness (moderate) or death (extreme).

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22
Q

What is homeorrhesis?

A

The maintenance of a biological process along a steady path.

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23
Q

What is an example of homeorrhesis?

A

Growth.

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24
Q

Why is transport across cell membranes important?

A

Organ systems depend on transport mechanisms for proper function and survival.

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25
Q

What does the nervous system depend on transport across cell membranes for?

A

Exchange of Na^+ and K^+ to generate an action potential.

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26
Q

What does the respiratory system depend on transport across cell membranes for?

A

Exchange of O2/CO2.

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27
Q

What does the cardiac system depend on transport across cell membranes for?

A

Contraction.

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28
Q

What does the renal system depend on transport across cell membranes for?

A
  1. Waste removal.
  2. Water retention.
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29
Q

What does the GIT depend on transport across cell membranes for?

A

Nutrient absorption.

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30
Q

What does intracellular refer to?

A

Processes happening or substances found within a cell.

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31
Q

What is an example of an intracellular process?

A

DNA replication.

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32
Q

What does intercellular refer to?

A

Processes happening or substances found between cells.
*Interstate highways run between states.

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33
Q

What is an example of an intercellular process?

A

Exchange of nutrients through tight junctions.

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34
Q

What does extracellular refer to?

A

Processes happening or substances found outside of cells.

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35
Q

What is an example of an extracellular process?

A

Releasing cytokines.

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36
Q

What is extracellular fluid (ECF) composed of?

A
  1. Interstitial fluid.
  2. Intravascular fluid.
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37
Q

What does the ECF compose in the animal?

A

Its internal environment.

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38
Q

What do all tissues have by virtue of possessing a membrane?

A

A resting membrane potential.

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39
Q

What do Na^+ and K^+ allow for the generation of in the body?

A

A membrane potential.

40
Q

What does Cl^- act as in the body?

A

A electrical osmotic regulator, CO2 transport.

41
Q

What does HCO3^- act as in the body?

A

A buffer (Usually for carbonic acid), CO2 transport.

42
Q

What does glucose act as in the body?

A

Nutrients.

43
Q

What do amino acids act as in the body?

A

The base for protein structure and products.

44
Q

What do fats act as in the body?

A

Energy, hormones, cell membrane function, fat soluble vitamins.

45
Q

What process do PO2 and CO2 act in?

A

Cellular respiration.
*PO2=Partial Pressure of oxygen or the level of O2 available for use in cellular respiration.

46
Q

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that can change its permeability in response to changes to the internal or external environment of the cell.

47
Q

What is an example of a change a semi-permeable membrane would undergo?

A

Increasing its permeability for glucose as a result of increased insulin secretion.

48
Q

What percentage of the cell membrane is protein?

49
Q

What percentage of the cell membrane is phospholipids?

50
Q

What are the 2 primary phospholipids?

A
  1. Phosphotidylcholine.
  2. Phosphatidylethanolamine.
51
Q

Where can proteins be found on a cell membrane?

A
  1. Exterior surface.
  2. Interior surface.
  3. Transmembrane.
52
Q

Where are the hydrophobic portions of a protein or hydrophobic proteins found?

A

On the interior of the membrane.

53
Q

Where are the hydrophilic portions of a protein or hydrophilic proteins found?

A
  1. Inner membrane.
  2. Outer membrane.
    CLARIFY THIS ONE.
54
Q

What are the 5 types of proteins?

A
  1. Channel protein.
  2. Enzymes.
  3. Pumps.
  4. Receptors.
  5. Structural.
55
Q

What is an example of a channel protein?

A

Ion channel for Ca^2+.

56
Q

What is an example of an enzyme?

A

Glucokinase.

57
Q

What is an example of a pump protein?

A

Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump.

58
Q

What is an example of a receptor protein?

A

GnRH receptor.

59
Q

What is an example of a structural protein?

60
Q

How is the lipid bilayer described?

A

Not miscible with extra-or intracellular fluid.

61
Q

What is the primary function of the lipid bilayer?

A

A barrier against the movement of water and water-soluble molecules.

62
Q

What helps facilitate the movement of molecules through the lipid bilayer?

A

Membrane proteins.

63
Q

What two processes are used to facilitate the movement of molecules?

A
  1. Diffusion.
  2. Active transport.
64
Q

What are the 3 types of transport mechanisms?

A
  1. Passive Transport (simple diffusion).
  2. Carrier Mediated Transport (Facilitated diffusion).
  3. Active Transport.
65
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

66
Q

What is an example of passive transport?

A

Diffusion.

67
Q

What is carrier mediated transport?

A

The movement of particles across a cell membrane using a protein called a transporter.

68
Q

What is an example of carrier mediated transport?

A

Calcium pump.

69
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration across a cell membrane using energy.

70
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump.

71
Q

What is the energy source for active transport?

72
Q

What 2 factors is diffusion influenced by?

A
  1. Membrane structure and characteristics.
  2. Ion/molecule structure.
73
Q

What is lipid solubility?

A

The ability of a substance to dissolve in lipids and how easily it crosses a lipid membrane.

74
Q

What are materials with a high lipid solubility?

A
  1. Alcohols.
  2. Fatty acid based materials.
  3. CO2.
  4. O2.
75
Q

What is water solubility?

A

The ability of a substance to dissolve in water.

76
Q

What are most, if not all, water soluble molecules referred to as?

77
Q

What structures do polar compounds have a hard time passing through?

A

Lipid-based structures.

78
Q

Why do polar compounds have a hard time passing through lipid-based structures?

A

Size or charge.
*Also the characteristics of what you are moving.

79
Q

What structure do polar compounds use to pass through the lipid bilayer?

80
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration until dynamic equilibrium is reached.

81
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of osmoles in a volume of solution.

82
Q

What is an osmole?

A

1 gram of molecular weight of osmotically active solution. Abbreviated as Os.

83
Q

What is osmotic pressure in a cell that is hypertonic relative to its environment?

A

<300 mOs.
*Cell is crenated.

84
Q

What is osmotic pressure in a cell that is isotonic relative to its environment?

A

300 mOs.
*Cell is good.

85
Q

What is osmotic pressure in a cell that is hypotonic relative to its environment?

A

> 300 mOs.
*Cell has lysed.

86
Q

What is the ratio (more or less) of solute to solvent in a hypertonic solution?

A

More solute : Less solvent.

87
Q

What is the ratio of solute to solvent in a isotonic solution?

A

Equal parts solute and solvent.

88
Q

What is the ratio of solute to solvent in a hypotonic solution?

A

Less solute : More Solvent.

89
Q

What pump is required for the relaxation of muscles?

A

Ca^+ ATPase pump.

90
Q

What pump is ubiquitous in tissues?

A

The Na+/K+ ATPase Pump.

91
Q

What is the exchange rate of sodium and potassium through the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

A

2 Na+ out for every 3 K+ in.

92
Q

Which side of the cell membrane has a net negative charge due to this exchange of Na+ and K+?

A

The intracellular side.

93
Q

What does the difference in charge between the two sides of the cell membrane result in?

A

A net negative electrical gradient.

94
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of most cells?

95
Q

What % of cell energy is utilized by Na+/K+ ATPase Pumps?

96
Q

What % of neuron energy is utilized by Na+/K+ ATPase Pumps?

97
Q

What 4 functions is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump important in?

A
  1. Nervous system function.
  2. Muscle contraction.
  3. Gland secretion.
  4. Maintain cellular integrity by preventing the osmosis of water into the cell.

ANS 433: Neural, Muscular, Renal Physiology (12 decks)

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