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psychology Y2.1 > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the space in brain made up of

A
  • white and greay matter
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2
Q

what ions bind to receptors on the receiving neurone

A
  • sodium, potassium, calcium ions
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3
Q

what surrounds the axon, and what does it contain

A
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
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4
Q

whats released into the synaptic gap

A
  • neurotransmitters
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5
Q

what happens when neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft

A
  • ion channel opens, neurotransmitters attatch at receptor binding site
  • channels are specific to different ions
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6
Q

why is a neurin described as lock and key

A

each neuron releases only 1-2 types of neurotransmitter

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7
Q

what is acetylcholines major function

A

muscular movement and memory

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8
Q

what is noradrenalines major function

A

learning, memory, wakefulness and eating

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9
Q

what is serotonins major function

A

mood, sleep, eating and arousal and pleasure and pain

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10
Q

what is dopamine’s major function

A

voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory and experiencing pleasure or pain

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11
Q

what is GABA’s major function

A

inhibitory transmitter in motor system

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12
Q

what are endorphin’s major functions

A

inhibits transmission of pain impulses

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13
Q

what are glutamate’s major functions

A

involved in most aspects of brain function

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14
Q

what are examples of serotonin as drugs

A

psychedelic drugs, antidepressants

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15
Q

what are examples of dopamine as drugs

A

psychomotor stimulants (cocaine), anti- psychotics

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16
Q

what are examples of GABA as drugs

A

anti-anxiety effects

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17
Q

whats an example of glutamate as a drug

A

Ketamine

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18
Q

what does vascular damage of brain consist of

A
  • disruption to blood flow to brain due to:
  • stroke
  • partial blockage (ischemia)
  • enlarged artery (aneurysm)
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19
Q

what does a tumor do to brain and what is it described as

A
  • neoplasm
    mass of tissue with no psychological function
  • grows and disrupsts normal functioning
  • can destroy neurons
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20
Q

what are the different types of tumours (3 types)

A
  • gliomas- beging with abnormal glial cells
  • Meningiomas- originates in meninges, surrounding brain
  • Merastic originate elsewhere in body, but invade bloodstream going to brain
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21
Q

whats a degenerative disease with examples

A
  • breakdown of neurological material
  • alzheimers
  • parkinsons
  • korsakoffs
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22
Q

is EEG invaive or not and what does it do

A
  • non- invasive
  • measures magneitc fields produced by the brain’s electrical activity
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23
Q

is PET scan invasive or not and what does it do

A
  • measures glucose metabolism
  • non invasive
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24
Q

what is PET scan helpful for identifying cancer

A
  • cancer thrives on glucose
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25
Q

is an MRI invasive or not what does it do

A
  • non invasive
  • produces structural image, to identify structures and possible brain damage
26
Q

is an fMRI scan invasive or not and what does it do

A
  • non invasive
  • maps bain function over time
  • measures blood flow
  • (neural activity-> increased demand for oxygen-> increased blood flow)
27
Q

why would invasive measures be used and what can they do with activity in the brain

A
  • in special circumstances
  • e.g, people udner going brain surgery, or in animals
  • can be used to record and influence activity in brain
28
Q

is tms invasive and what does it do, and what diseases is it involved in treating

A
  • disrupts activity in a specific area
  • invasive
  • use of electrical stimulation in specific area
  • deep brain stimulation, treats parkinsons and depression
29
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A
  • sensory and motor nerves
30
Q

what are 2 key components of the central nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
31
Q

what is the role of the sympathetic system

A
  • ‘fight or flight’
  • prepares body for stress/danger
  • increases heart rate, dilates pupils, directs blood flow to muscles
  • gives alertness to body to respond quickly
32
Q

what is the role of the parasympathetic system

A
  • helps body relax and conserve energy after stressful event
  • slows heart rate, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion
  • supports recovery of body
33
Q

what is the ‘survival’ part of the brain called and where is it located

A
  • reptilian
  • centre of brain
34
Q

what is the ‘emotional’ part of the brain and where is it located, and what is it involved with

A
  • limbic
  • outer area
  • involved with how we behave and act in interaction with our environment
35
Q

what is the ‘thinking’ part of the brain, what does it do (what does it inhibit)

A
  • neo cortex
  • associated with higher thinking such as advanced planning and inhibits urges
36
Q

what does the thalamus do and they hypo thalamus

A
  • relays information between lower and higher brain centres
  • set of nuclei involved in different regulating functions, plays a role in emotions and stress
37
Q

what is the amygdala involved with

A
  • emotional processing, e.g process of fear
38
Q

what does the reticular formation part of the brain do

A
  • diffuse collection of neurons involved in arousal and stereotyped patterns, E.G WALKING
39
Q

what does PONS part of the brain do

A
  • governs sleep and rousal
40
Q

what does medulla part of the brain do

A
  • governs breathing and reflexes
41
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A
  • rounded structure involved in motor coordination
42
Q

what does the hippocampus do

A
  • involved in memory
43
Q

whats the amygdala

A
  • involved in fear and discrimination of objects necessary for survival
44
Q

whats the cerebral cortex

A
  • wrinkled outer layer of fore brain
  • governs higher brain functions, such as thinking, learning, and consciousness
45
Q

what is brain plasticity

A
  • known as neuroplasticity
  • refers to brains ability to change and adapt in response to experiences such as learning or injury
46
Q

what is it called when neurons die and others are created

A

neurogenesis

47
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

when neurons die and others are created

48
Q

whats the juggle example of brain plastisicity 2004 and results it showed

A

-24 healthy volunteers
- 12 jugglers, 12 controlled
- trained 12 jugglers for 3 months then brain scan taken
- another 3 months both groups did nothing
- found areas in brain after brain scan, when jugglers first after 3 months showed a 3% volume increase (not seen in control)
- 3rd scan showed if they stopped juggling there was a reduction in brain volume

49
Q

where does neurogenesis occur

A

in hippocampus

50
Q

what did the study on taxi drivers show

A

suggested that the extensive spatial navigation experience led to structural changes

51
Q

what was the positive and negative correlation found in the taxi driver study

A

-the longer youd been a taxi driver for, the volume of the posterior hippocampus increased (positive correlation)
- the anterior hippocampus (front), reduces in volume the longer you have been a taxi driver (negative correlation)

52
Q

why does phantom limb syndrome occur

A
  • Due to neurones growing new connections and may misplace parts of brain that corresponded to previous limb
53
Q

what are critical periods

A
  • idea that brain plasticity is regulated at different ages
  • hormones and molecules regulate plasticity
54
Q

what is the endocrine system involved in

A
  • creating and releasing hormones
55
Q

what are the 2 different types of messengers in body and their difference

A
  • neurons
  • hormons
  • neurons communicate quickly and specifically, hormones flood body but action is slower, but effects last a long time
56
Q

whats the issue with hormones as a messenger

A
  • slow to cancel message
57
Q

whats good about hormones being used as a messenger

A
  • many areas affected at once due to lots of glands being involved
  • thyroid, adrenal glands (endocrine system)
58
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do

A
  • prepares body for action and secretes stress hormones
59
Q

list an example of the process of a stress response

A
  • inforamtion through senses
  • communicated through the brain stem by thalamus (relay station) to rest of system
  • quick communication
  • hypothalamus sets of chain response (HPA axis)
60
Q

what is the hpa axis

A
  • hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
  • consists of: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands
61
Q

what can immune cells do

A
  • produce hormones and neurotransmitters

psychology Y2.1 (8 decks)

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