moral judgement Flashcards
what are deontological theories and issue with it
good actions follow certain moral rules
- an absolutist approach, some judgements always good or bad
what are consequentialist theories
focus on the consequences of an action
- utilitarianism
- BUT no space for morals and rules
what are deonotoligical ethics
about following moral principles, prioritizing the inherent morality of actions over their outcomes
what is stage 1 called in the stages of moral development
pre conventional- based on punishement and rewards
- avoiding punishment
- gaining rewards
what is stage 2 called in the stages of moral development
conventional
- gaining approval of others
- respecting authority and maintaining social order
what is stage 3 called in the stages of moral development
post conventional
- general moral principles promoting welfare and individual rights
- abstract moral principles of justice and equality
what did Lawrence Kohlberg say about moral judgement
its driven by moral reasoning, which develops with social learning and cogntive ability
whats the dual process theory
two different levels of information processing
what are some components of your information processing system (1)
- fast
- intuitive
- low effort
- linked to emotion
- automatic
- evolutionarily old
- large capacity
what are some components of your information processing system (2)
- slow
- rational
- high effort
- detached from emotion
- controlled
- evoultionarily new
- small capacity
what did the switch bridge case study show
- prefrontal cortex (reasoned decision making) and amygdala (emotional decision making) both involved in moral decisions
what is the social intuitionist model (SIM)
a type of dual process theory that involves the idea that most moral judgement is driven by emotion and intuition
what is moral dumbfounding
when a person has a strong moral reaction to something but cannot logically explain why they believe it is right or wrong.
- cant give a justification for their decision
where does the influence of disgust come from in moral judgements
physical disgust evolved as a disease avoidance mechanism
carol gilligan says Kohlberg theory is androcentric, what does this mean
- means centered around or focused on men
- the stages are a masculine perspective on morality
what does richard shweder describe kohlberg;s theory as
- a western liberal social and political ideology
list some points carol gilligan says about kohlbergs stage theory
- pre occupied with male values
- the studies were mostly conducted on young american men
- adult women tended to perform ‘worse’
- male participants tended to be closer to stage 4 (law and order)
- ## female part. to stage 3 (good child)
what did Gilligan argue about women
that they tend to emphasise empathy and compassion
what are some points shweder said on kohlbers stage theory
- participants young american men and often well educated and middle class
- people from more collectivist cultures or with lower socioeconomic status tended to perform worse
what did richard shweder identify
three ‘moral languages’
- ethnic of autonomy
- ethnic of community
- ethic of divinity
what do WEIRD samples refer to
- western
- educated
- industrialised
- rich
- democratic
- critiised because they dont represent the global population
what are 2 examples of the moral foundations theory
- individualising (concerns about individuals)
- binding (concerns about groups)
what does nativism mean
the certain knowledge, traits, abilities are innate, rather than learned through culture/ environment
what does pluralism mean
coexistence of diverse beliefs, values, perspectives within a society, emphasises mutual respect
what did the culture wars show
conflicts between groups with differing beliefs, values and lifestyle
- challenges the tensions inherent in pluralism
whats theory of dyadic morality
Dyadic Morality is a psychological theory proposing that moral judgments are fundamentally based on the perception of harm within a dyadic structure, involving a moral agent (causing harm) and a moral patient (suffering harm), even in situations where harm is implicit or imagined
-suggests that harm is the core principle underlying all moral reasoning,
what did free recall task by Schein and Gray 2015 show aboyt dyadic morality
- they were asked to list an act that is morally wrong
- 90% of the violations were dyadic
what 2 participants took part in the 2015 free recall task
liberals and conservatives
