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psychology Y2.1 > genes > Flashcards

genes Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of a gene

A

biological units of heredity
- sections of chromsomes
wa

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2
Q

define chromosomes

A
  • long strands of DNA and proteins
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3
Q

what does DNA do with histones

A

DNA molecules are tightly wrapped around protein (histones), which provide structural support

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4
Q

how is a double helix formed

A

when two dna strands twist around each other to form a double- stranded helix

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5
Q

what does a nudelotide consist of

A
  • sugar molecule
  • phosphate molecule
  • base (DNA)
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6
Q

what do nucelotides form

A

base pairs

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7
Q

what are base bairs turned into

A

arranged into sequences of 3s called codons

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8
Q

how many amino acids make up the proteins in the body

A

20

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9
Q

what are amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins

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10
Q

what does a gene have at the start and end of it

A

start and end codons

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11
Q

what are 5 functions proteins can do

A
  • antibodies
  • enymes
  • messsengers (e.g hormones)
  • structural proteins
  • transport and storage
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12
Q

what is a codon

A
  • triplets of nucleotides which code for amino acids
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13
Q

what is an amino acid

A

building block for protein

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14
Q

describe transcription and what stage is it

A
  • stage 1
  • DNA strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary single strand of mRNA
  • mRNA formed by RNA polymerase
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15
Q

what does RNA have instead of deoxyribose and thymine

A

ribose and uracil

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16
Q

what is translation and what stage is it

A
  • stage 2
  • ribosomes translate the RNA sequences to enzymatically assemble amino acids to form polypeptides
  • DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
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17
Q

define genotype

A

an indivudls genetic makeup

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18
Q

define phenotype

A

an indidvuals observable characteristics

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19
Q

what is transcription definition

A

process by which a single strand of DNA serves a template for which a strand of RNA is built

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20
Q

what is translation definition

A

process by which the RNA is used to code for a series of amino acids

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21
Q

name 3 stages to cell division

A
  • division of a cell must be accompanied by replication of DNA
  • each DNA strands acts as its own template
  • each progeny cell has one parental strand and one daughter strand
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22
Q

how do u mutations occur

A

in copying errors or damage to a parental strand which causes one or more wrong bases to be incorporated into the daughter strand

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23
Q

what does it mean when most mutations are innocuous

A

they are harmless and do not change the function of a protein

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24
Q

who experimented with pea plants

A

gregor mendel 1856-1863

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25
Q

what did gregor mendel do and discover

A

grew over 10,000 pea plants keeping track of progeny number and type
- discovered laws of inheritance
- found that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units (one from each parent)

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26
Q

whats the alternative form of a gene

A

alleles

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27
Q

what is an allele

A

alternative form of a gene that forms different characteristics

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28
Q

what gene has 2 versions of long and short

A

5-HTT

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29
Q

which gene is associated with regulation of cortisol

A

SKA2

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30
Q

what happens with reduced levels of SKA2 protein

A

less suppression of cortisol release

31
Q

what increases at SKA2 gene

A

methylation

32
Q

what is methylation

A

silencing of a gene

33
Q

whats the first gene to be linked to antisocial behaviour

A

MAOA (monoamine oxidase)

34
Q

in 2016 what was found in Finnish criminals

A

the ones convicted of several violent crimes were more likely to possess the MAOA-L allele than nonviolent controls.

35
Q

what does HE stand for and what is it

A

Heritability estimate, statistical indicator of genetic influence on variation of a trait

36
Q

when the heritability estimate (HE=0) what does this mean

A
  • no genetic influence, all the variation is due to the environment
37
Q

when the heritability estimate (HE=1) what does this mean

A

-100% of the variation is due to genetic differences

38
Q

what is the heritability estimate about

A

the influences of genes on the variation in a specific population

39
Q

what is biological relatedness

A

The degree to which individuals share genetic material due to family relationships.

40
Q

what does polygenic mean

A

that a trait is influenced by many genes

41
Q

what single disorder can influence IQ

A

Phenylketonuria

42
Q

what is the HE in childhood

A

0.4-0.5

43
Q

what is the HE in adulthood

A

0.7-0.8

44
Q

what are the 3 reasons the HE is higher in adulthood

A
  • maybe fully developed IQ doesnt develop until adulthood
  • maybe what we measure in children is not an accurate measure of IQ
  • maybe we seek out environments that exaggerate our predisposition
45
Q

what was found in environomental enriched children

A

when they were moved from a deprived environoment to a wealthier one they show an increase of 10-12 points

46
Q

what was found in the measure of IQ in education (2 points)

A
  • association between attendence and IQ
  • small decrease in IQ over summer
47
Q

what did the Minnesota study of twins show (1980)

A

genetics play a significant role in many human traits, even when twins are raised in diff environments, however environmental influences are still important

48
Q

what type of evidence did the minnesota study show

A

anecdotal evidence

49
Q

what variability was found in variety of traits in the minnesota study

A

50% (HE >.5) of variability observed in variety of traits was explained by underlying genes, for examples the tendency to be religious

50
Q

what is the interplay between genes and the environment

A

our environment is shaped on the basis of inherited characteristics but genetics are expressed as a result of our environments

51
Q

what are reaction ranges and who came up with the concept

A

the concept that we dont inherit set behaviour traits, but rather ranges of possible expression (BOTANAS ET AL., 2016)

52
Q

what traits show a genetic contribution towards them

A

intelligence and personality

53
Q

what did Henquet et al find about cannabis and psychosis

A
  • small proportion of cannabis users develop psychosis (probs via dopamine system COMT gene)
  • there are genetic difference in sensitivity to THC in cannabis and in likelyhood to develop psychosis
  • BUT these predispositions interact with stress to result in cannabis
54
Q

define psychopathy

A

a personality disorder characterised by antisocial behaviour, impaired empathy and egotistical traits

55
Q

what is the HE in psychopathy

A

-0.5 (higher in childhood but correlated across lifespan)

56
Q

what is the MAOA gene and what does it fail to break down and who found this

A
  • low activity variant associated with developing psychopathy
  • due to its failure to breakdown dopamine, serotonin and noradrenalin
    -(Tracy D et al.)
57
Q

what is charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A

organisms with traits that give them an advanatge are more likely to survive, reproduce, passing those traits onto offspring
- over generations these advantagous traits become more common in the population

58
Q

define altruism

A

behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decresing the fitness of the actor

59
Q

what was hamiltons genes- eye view and what year was it

A
  • 1963, 1964
    -* Asked whether genes could promote cooperative action by the
    individual in order to pass on more copies of themselves
  • Fundamental in shaping our idea of genetic basis for altruism
  • Here, genes are the replicators and individuals are just the
    vehicles that carry out their actions
60
Q

define kin selection

A

an evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an individual’s relatives
- even at cost to the individuals own survival

61
Q

what is the coefficient of relatedness

A

r- the probability that you share a gene with someone else

62
Q

what r stat do siblings share

A

r=0.5 (1/2)

63
Q

how does altruism evolve and what does R,B,C stand for

A

r- relatedness
B- reproductive benefit to recipient
C- reproductive cost to altruist

  • r x B > C
64
Q

altruism is more likely to evolve when…

A

relatedness (r) is high

65
Q

what animal shows an example of kin selection

A

orphaned red squirrels

66
Q

what is kin recognition

A

an organisms ability to distinguish between genetic kin and non- kin

67
Q

what does facial resemblence enhance

A

trust

68
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms used by animals to recognise kin

A

proximity and phenotype matching

69
Q

what is proximity

A

idea that animals often recognise kin based on spatial closeness or being raised together

70
Q

what is phenotype matching

A

when an individual recognises kin by comparing physical traits that are likely to be shared due to genetic relatedness

71
Q

what is social grooming

A

act of grooming close relatives as a behaviour that enhances the survival and reproductive success of shared genes
- usually time matched

72
Q

what was found about related dyads

A

did not time match to same extent as non- related dyads
- suggests pairs who are genetically related were less synchronised in their behaviour over time compared to non- related

73
Q

what is inclusive fitness

A

a measure of an individuals total genetic success

psychology Y2.1 (8 decks)

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