The Brain

Question 1

3 tyoes of cerebral cortex

Answer 1

olfactory cortex - receives sensory info, oldest cortex, direct sensory innervation
neocortex - newest, densely packed with neurons
hippocampus

Question 2

hippocampus

Answer 2

found in each temporal lobe
memory
only 3 layers
only place for birth of new
neurons in adults

Question 3

neocortex

Answer 3

special giri and sulci allow us to distinguish different lobes

Question 4

central sulcus

Answer 4

separates frontal from parietal

Question 5

lateral fissure

Answer 5

between frontal and temporal

Question 6

associatory cortex

Answer 6

anything not sensory or motor cortex

Question 7

cytoarchitecture of neocortex

Answer 7

6 layers, exact structure differs between regions
can see different layer through staining
golgi stain - single neurons
nissl stain - toludine blue

Question 8

layers of neocortex

Answer 8

molecular layer - closest to pia mater, no cell bodies, loss of dendrites and axons, some glial cells
external granular layer - small neurons, shorter dendritic processes
external pyramidal layer - due to shap of neurons
internal granular layer - neurons slightly larger
internal pyramidal layer - huge pyramidal cells, apical dendrites, axons move down
fusiform - interneuronal, dont project out of cells

Question 9

mapping neocortex

Answer 9

Bradmanns cytoarchitectural map

using lesions e.g. stroke or direct stimulation
stroke - loss of cuntionin area of brain helped to map what area is used for
post central girus - touch

Question 10

using non invasive functional imaging

Answer 10

PET scan - glucose
fMRI - O2 level
EEG - electrodes

Question 11

areas of neocortex

Answer 11

motor cortex - back of frontal lobe in pre central virus
somatic cortex - in post central girus at front of parietal lobe
primary visual cortex - lack of parietal lobe
auditory cortex - on lateral fissure

Question 12

limbic lobe

Answer 12

abstract things e.g. emotion
functional rather than structural
cortex of cingulate girus
cortex on medial aspect of temporal lobe

Question 13

hidden areas

Answer 13

inside temporal fissure
fucntions range from sensorimotor processing to emotional regulation
insula - emotion and attention

Question 14

basal forebrain

Answer 14

basal ganglia - initiation of movement

amygdala - fear and emotion

Question 15

white matter

Answer 15

commisural fibres - connect between hemispheres
projection fibres - link to non cortical areas
association fibres - link areas within a hemisphere

Question 16

thalamus

Answer 16

diencephalon
over 50 nuclei - all perform different functions
relay station - gateway to cortex
can also process that info e.g. can block info, connects to neocortex via projection fibres
important for initation of movement

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

around 3rd ventricle
lateral part - motivated behaviour 
medial and periventricular - links body to mind via ANS and pituitary
11 major nuclei
master regulator of homeostasis