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Neuroscience > Cells of the Nervous System 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous System 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

are excitable cells
conduct impulses
integrate and relay info in a neural circuit

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2
Q

glia

A

supporting cells, found around neurons
maintain homeostasis
protection
assist neural function

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3
Q

Nissl (franz) staining

A

allows to distinguish between neurons and glia
nucleolus of all cells stained
neurons have Nissl bodies
- allows visulaisation of variation in size, density and distribution of neurons
if only nucleolus stained = glia
if area around nucleolus is stained too = neuron
highlight rRNA
dye binds to negatively charged things e.g. nucleotides

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4
Q

The soma

A

nucleus
organelles for protein synthesis and processing: ribosomes, RER, Golgi
mitochondria = dense in neurons, movement of ions requires energy

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5
Q

4 major components of neuron

A 
1 - cell body, soma, perikaryon 
2 - dendrites
3 - axon
4 - presynaptic terminal
dendrites and axons = neurites = any process coming off a neuron
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6
Q

Golgi (camillo) staining

A

silver chromate

small % stained - only highlights some neurons - randomly

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7
Q

cytoskeleton (internal scaffolding)

A

microtubules - longitudinally down neurites, hollow tube made of polymers of tubulin
microfilaments - polymers of actin, longitudinally and membrane associated
both dynamically regulated - polymerisation and depolymerisation
neurofilaments = long protein molecules, wound together - very strong

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8
Q

axon segments

A

axon hillock - wide part that attaches to soma
axon inital segment - specific ion channels, where action potentials are generated
axon collaterals - branches
axon terminal/terminal bouton

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9
Q

features of axon

A

no RER or free ribosomes
different membrane composition
<1mm to >1m in length
1 micrometer to 25 micrometer in diameter - affects speed of conduction

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10
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

specific primary antibodies bind to protein of choice, secondary one binds to primary and it fluoresces.

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11
Q

presynaptic terminals

A

specialisation of terminal cytoplasm: no microtubules, synaptic vesicles, specialsed proteins or mitochondria
synaptic cleft
terminal arbour - lots of presynaptic terminals at end of axon
boutens en passent

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12
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

moving things down axon, can be slow or fast
fast - radioactive amino acids, 1m a day, uses microtubules, kinesis and ATP
anterograde transport = moving down cell
retrograde transport = moving up cell, by dyenin

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13
Q

manipulating axoplasmic transport

A

allows visualisation of cells

using antero/retrograde labelling, inject dye ino spinal cord - taken up by terminals and transported around body

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14
Q

dendrites

A

branches form dendritic trees (arbours)
structure to function relationship - convergence = how many different synaptic inputs is one neuron dealing with
can have thousands of synapses
dendritic spines = increase surface area
plasticity - structure vs activity - can take in spines if not used
abnormalities = cognitive impairment

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15
Q

staining methods

A

nissl stains
golgi stains
immunohistochemistry
live imaging of fluorescent dye - genetic or injected
electron microscope - synapses and organelles
retrograde tracers - HRP, find cell body location

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16
Q

types neuron classification

A

1 - number of neurites
2 - dendritic geometry
3 - connections

17
Q

number of neurites classification

A

(axon or dendrites)
unipolar/pseudopolar
bipolar
multipolar

18
Q

unipolar / pseudopolar

A

splits in 2 e.g. dorsal root ganglion
peripheral process is part of axon too
small area for receiving synaptic input - highly specialised function
relay info reliably

19
Q

bipolar

A

e.g. retina - little integration, small area for recieving synaptic input
highly specialised for function
reliable relay of info

20
Q

multipolar

A

bigger tree = more integration
majority of neurons in brain
large area for reciving input
high levels of convergence

21
Q

dendritic geometry

A

pyramidal

stellate

22
Q

pyramidal geometry

A

distinct apical and basal dendritic trees, pyramidal shaped soma
common in cerebral cortex and hippocampus

23
Q

stellate geometry

A

star shaped dendritic arbour e.g. layers in neocortex

24
Q

connections in:

sensory

A

periphery —-> CNS

afferent

25
Q

connections in:

motor

A

ventral horn —-> peripheral

efferent

26
Q

interneuron connections

A 
largest class, only in CNS
relay or projection neurons - connect brain regions
local interneurons - neighbouring cells
 - short axons
 - process info in local circuits
27
Q

nerve glue

A

glia fills space around neurons
extracellular space of 20nm between glia and neurons
can proliferate throughout life, neurons cant be replaced

28
Q

homeostatic
myelinating
phagocytic cells in:
CNS

A 
homeostatic = astrocytes 
myelinating = oligodendrites
phagocytic = microglia
29
Q

homeostatic
myelinating
phagocytic cells in:
PNS

A 
homeostatic = satellite cells
myelinating = Schwann cells
phagocytic = schwann cells and macrophages
30
Q

homeostatic cells in:

ENS

A

enteric glia

31
Q

astrocytes

A

control environment surrounding neurons, have spacial domains
contains unique marker - GFAP - glia fibrillary acidic protein, only expressed by astrocytes
also - buffer extracell potassium and form part of blood brain barrier

32
Q

subtypes of astrocytes

A 
fibrous
protoplasmic
radial glial cells - developmental
muller cells - retina
bergmann glia - cerebellum
ependymal cells - line ventricles and central cord
33
Q

astrocytes as fuel suppliers

A

they supply fuel and add protection to brain
glycogen stores of brain contain 5-10 mins supply
metabolise glycogen and supply lactate
endfeet take up glucose - help keep controlled environment

34
Q

tripartite synapse

A

terminates neuronal activity
recycles neurot to presynaptic terminals, prevents over excitation
asrocytes have receptors too

35
Q

microglia

A

macrophages of CNS, approx 15% of CNS glial cells
neural development - growth factors, help neurons grow
phagocytosis - apoptosis, clear debris
oligodendrocyte myelination
synaptic pruning
however not always beneficial e.g. in neurodegenerative diseases

36
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinating oligo form myelin sheaths of CNS axons
insulate and change electrical activity
can have 15-30 processes from cell body to myelin sheath

37
Q

schwann cells

A

form myelin sheaths of PNS

one schwann cell provides one myelin segment to a single axon

38
Q

myelin sheath

A

formation - process of oligodendrocyte cytoplasm wraps many times around axon
cytoplasm squeezed out of layers by compaction
maintain contact with glial cells for nourishment
function - insulate and create nodes of ranvier enabling saltatory conduction

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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