Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

behaviour is influenced by…..

Answer 1

internal states

Question 2

basic internal states =

Answer 2

4 F's
feeding
fighting
fleeing
mating

Question 3

all homeostatic systems have the same basic structure

Answer 3

perturbation knocks off controlled variable
sensor compares variable to a set point
if theres a difference, it will send an error signal to an effector to counteract the perturbation

Question 4

orexigenic

Answer 4

hunger

Question 5

anorexigenic

Answer 5

not hunger

‘satiety’

Question 6

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 6

‘excites’ eating
if areas removed - animal never ate
contains neurons that use specific neuropeptides to transmit info
orexin and MCH

Question 7

ventromedial nucleus

Answer 7

satiety area
stimulation leads to inhibtion of eating
remove area = animal never stopped eating

Question 8

mechanisms for regulating hunger

hypothalamus

Answer 8

long term
lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial nucleus

Question 9

leptin

Answer 9

hormone produced by fat that reduces fat
mutant mouse - obese - ob/ob
ob/ob mice lacked leptin
but if linked ob/ob mouses bloodstream to wt mouse - it loses weight — how they found out it was a hormone

Question 10

ways of leptin reducing body fat (2)

Answer 10

1 - inhbit eating

2 - increase metabolic rate = inhibits production of body fat

Question 11

leptin inhibiting eating …..

Answer 11

pathway passes through arcuate nucleus
contains 2 populations of neurons that use 2 distinct peptides:
1 - produces POMC/aMSH/CART –> inhibits lateral hypo = stops excitation of eating
2 - inhibits production of NPY/AgRP (connects to lateral hypo and normally triggers eating but is inhibited)
both connect to paraventriular nucleus but work oppositely so…
POMC excites nucleus which inhibits eating vs NPY inhibits nucleus

Question 12

leptin on metabolic rate

Answer 12

neurons in arcuate nucleus connect to para/symp
POMC excited symp NS = inc metabolic rate
NPY excited para NS = inhibits inc in metabolic rate
paraventricular nucleus excites TSH which inc metabolic rate

Question 13

blood glucose on regulating hunger

Answer 13

short term
inhibits lateral hypo = normally excites eating but is inhibited
excites ventromedial nucleus = inhibits eating

insulin

• excites POMC
• inhibits NPY

Question 14

fear

Answer 14

amygdala - activated when veiwing fearful faces

lesions in amygdala - animals showed less fear

Question 15

agression

Answer 15

cerebral cortex —-> amygdala —– > signals to hypothalamus —–> PAG, ventral tegmental area = aggressive behaviour

Question 16

affective aggression

Answer 16

emotion

medial hypothalaums

Question 17

predatory agression

Answer 17

lateral hypothalamus

Question 18

dopamine - reward

Answer 18

encodes reward prediction e.g. surprising reward

brain is constantly trying to predict future

Question 19

dopamine wanting vs liking

Answer 19

rats with destroyed mesolimbic dopaminergic projections still seem to enjoy tasty food but lack motivation to seek food —-> dopamine drives ‘wanting or motivation’ rather than pleasure
this pathway also important for addiction

Question 20

role of emotion in decision making

Answer 20

‘somatic marker hypothesis’
patients lacking orbital frontal cortex aka ventromedial prefrontal cortex
deck A - small reward, small losses
deck B - large reward, huge losses
control ppts learn to avoid deck B and show stress response when hovering over B
patients lacking cortex dont avoid deck B and dont show anticipatory response - but do when they get penalty

Question 21

how are emotions made?

Answer 21

sensory input —-> emotional experience —–> physiological reactions (common sense theory)
newer theory
sensory input leads to physiological reaction and cognitive interpretations due to culture and experience leading to emotional experience