The body's response to aerobic exercise

Question 1

what is physical exercise

Answer 1

is defined as a bodily movement that is produced by contraction of skeletal muscle, sustainability increasing energy expenditure

Question 2

what is physical fitness

Answer 2

is a set of attributes that people possess or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity

Question 3

what are the health related components of fitness

Answer 3

cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength/ endurance, flexibility, body composition

Question 4

what does exercise do

Answer 4

planned, structured, repetitive, done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness

Question 5

what is aerobic exercise designed to do

Answer 5

aerobic exercise id designed to increase cardiovascular fitness. sustained exercise that uses the aerobic pathways energy supply and training adaptations result in more efficient aerobic energy pathways

Question 6

energy for exercises

Answer 6

ATP splitting- ATP+H20=ADP+PO, CP splitting- CP+ADP=C+ATP, anaerobic glycolysis- G/G+Pi+ADP=H+ + lactate +ATP

Question 7

what is aerobic metabolism

Answer 7

carbohydrates/ free fatty acids/ protein+O2+PI+ADP+H20+CO2+ATP

Question 8

oxygen and exercise

Answer 8

O2 is essential for aerobic exercise. time lag present in aerobic exercise. VO2 is the volume of oxygen consumed per Kg/min.

Question 9

recovery oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 9

replenishment of energy stores, systemic requirements, restore oxygen levels in blood, repair muscle, restore body back to normal temp and metabolic rate

Question 10

oxygen consumption- VO2

Answer 10

at rest the oxygen consumption per Kg of body weight is relatively constant for everyone in the absence of injury or disease,
VO2 at rest- 300ml/min, VO2 with activity- 1000ml/min (walking briskly), VO2 with exercise (3000ml/min)- run at 12km/hour (mod), VO2 with exercise= 6000ml/min (elite)

Question 11

what are functional activities calculated as

Answer 11

METS (metabolic equivalent of task)

Question 12

what is VO2 max

Answer 12

is when increase workload can only occur through anaerobic glycolysis, thus VO2 max is the measure of an individuals aerobic capacity for activity, differences in aerobic capacity effect exercise tolerance

Question 13

respiratory system response to exercise

Answer 13

potential increase from 6L/min to 200L/min, increase in: respiratory rate, TV, rate/depth breathing, faster delivery of fresh air into lungs, improved diffusion, as we stretch alveoli with big breaths- the ability for oxygen to go in increases- bigger SA for diffusion, the membrane becomes less thick

Question 14

effect of ventilation on exercise

Answer 14

in a normal person, ventilation shouldn’t impede ability to do exercise- when working at 80% VO2 max we only use 50-60% MBC

Question 15

cardiovascular system response to exercise

Answer 15

cardio output (CO+SV*HR) rises with exercise in proportion with VO2 max (usually 5l/min), cardiac reserve is the ration between the maximum CO a person can achieve and that at rest, average can increase CO by 4-5X, elite athlete- 6-8X, person with heart disease- 0

Question 16

blood flow during oxygen

Answer 16

pulmonary perfusions increase up to 5X that at rest, increased blood supply to skeletal muscle (up to 10 folds) and skin (up to 5 fold), half the supply to digestion and kidneys

Question 17

blood pressure and equation

Answer 17

CO*PR, normal blood pressure 120/80 systolic pressure, with the vessels during ventricular contraction. diastolic is the pressure within the vessel when the heart isn’t contracting

Question 18

blood pressure during exercise

Answer 18

so when you exercise your heart beats stronger and faster therefore systolic HR increases significantly with exercise to max values of 200. however, diastolic pressure shouldn’t change and if anything will decrease slightly due to vasodilation which in turn will reduce PR

Question 19

blood pressure during exercise- baroreceptors

Answer 19

will detect the increase in systolic pressure and via increased parasympathetic activity of the body will vasodilator vessels

Question 20

blood pressure during exercise- specific exercise

Answer 20

UL this results in higher systolic and diastolic BP compared to legs. due to less decrease in PR due to muscle masses involved- BV larger in LL. in static work and WT lifting PR doesn’t decrease therefore BP increases proportional to exercise intensity particularly during exertion phase of WT lifting- static exercise is harder on heart dynamic. BP can increase by 50% in elite athletes

Question 21

blood pressure during exercise- terminology

Answer 21

MAP- mean arterial pressure, TPR- total peripheral resistance, CO- cardiac output, systolic BP increases steady max, MAP rarely exceed 120mmHg- doesn’t change much due to drop in diastolic, MAP- CO*TPR

Question 22

Effects of exercise

Answer 22

increase in fat breakdown through the usage in aerobic metabolism, increase in heart size due to its use during response to exercise, decrease BP, improve O2 uptake and utilisation due to increase number of mitochondria and increase capillary density, endorphin release- reduce fear, increase plasma volume, increase BF, improved muscles more efficient, improvements in ability with ADL’s. reduced impact on services due to healthy lifestyle

Question 23

principles of cardiovascular exercise design- FITT principle

Answer 23

F- 3-5 times a week, intensity- overload principle and moderate, Time- aim 20-60 mins of continuous or intermittent activity a day, type- rhythmical ,using large muscle groups, variety to avoid muscle fatigue

Question 24

potential complications of immobility

Answer 24

respiratory- pneumonia and pulmonary embolism, cardiovascular- hypertension/ cardiac muscle atrophy/ FVT, metabolic- glucose intolerance and negative nitrogen balance, neurological- depression, MSK- osteoporosis/ muscle atrophy and weakness, gastrointestinal- constipation

Question 25

the acutely unwell and the acute effects of exercise- problems

Answer 25

decreased ventilation and perfusion, decreased V/Q matching, fluid shifts, reconditioning, risk of complications, anxiety and depression, loss of function

Question 26

the acutely unwell and the acute effects of exercise- benefits

Answer 26

increase/redistributes ventilation and perfusion, increased circulation, muscle activity, reduces risks, endorphins, functional independence

Question 27

exercise limitations to downward spiral

Answer 27

fear of exercise, avoidance, reconditioning, inactivity, loss of confidence, social isolation

Question 28

acute effects of exercise- what happens before/during/after exercise

Answer 28

energy requirements, need for oxygen, respiratory system response, CVS response (including BP and blood flow), diffusion at lungs and at tissue level, brain/psychology

Question 29

assessment strategies

Answer 29

breathing pattern/ respiratory rate/ auscultation, blood tests/ pulse oximetry, heart rate/rhythm, blood pressure, exertion scale/ functional tests/ biopsychosocial approach to assessment, QOL questionnaire/ depression scores

Question 30

what would we assess to ensure a patient is safe to exercise

Answer 30

stability, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and pattern, HR/rhythm, BP, drugs, muscle contraction, joint range, CO-pathologies, psychological factors, sensory status, general conditions

Question 31

O2 demand

Answer 31

exercise increases our demand for oxygen but so does illness, for every 0.6° rises in temp- O2 demand increases by 10%, critically ill patient with sepsis- 50-60% increase, multiple trauma- 100%

Question 32

O2- demand- limitations

Answer 32

airflow resistance, diffusion limitations, tissue resistance, altered mechanics/ structures, fear avoidance

Question 33

CV changes in ill patients

Answer 33

unable to CO increase, altered ability for a normal BP response, diffusion limitation at tissue level, decrease ability to increase BF, fear and avoidance, decondition

Question 34

benefits of exercising patients with cardiac disease

Answer 34

increased Hb concentrations, increase mitochondria, muscle fibre type change from IIB, TO IIA, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis , increase myoglobin