the body (midterm 1) Flashcards
what are the three anatomical planes
frontal, sagittal, transverse
what does “left” reference
to the left of the body
what does “right” reference
to the right of the body
what does lateral mean
toward the side, away from the midsagittal plane
what does the midsagittal plane mean
middle of the plane
what does medial mean
toward the midsaggital plane, away from the side
what does anterior mean
toward the front of the body
what does posterior mean
toward the back of the body
what does superior mean
toward the top of the body
what does inferior mean
toward the bottom of the body
what does dorsal mean
along or toward the vertebral surface of the body
what does ventral mean
along or toward the belly surface of the body
what does caudal mean
toward the tail
what does cephalad mean
toward the head
what does proximal mean
toward the trunk
what does distal mean
away from the trunk/an extermity
what does visceral mean
toward an internal organ
what does parietal mean
toward the wall
what is physiology
the study of the characteristics and mechanisms of the human body
what are intracellular fluid
fluids retained in cells - contains large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions
how much fluid is retained within cells
2/3
how much fluid is outside cells
1/3
what is extracellular fluids
fluid outside cells - contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions
what is an example of homeostasis in the lungs
lungs provide oxygen consumed by cells and remove carbon dioxide produced by cells
what is the rate of blood movement through the circulatory system at rest and during activity
1 circuit/min at rest, 6 circuits/min during activity
what ensures fluids movement between blood capillaries and cells
few cells are located more than 50 microns away from a capillary, which ensures diffusion in seconds, allowing for extracellular fluid to be continually mixed and maintain homogeneity of fluid throughout the body
what are the four nutrient supply systems
respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, musculoskeletal
what does the respiratory system do
blood is concentrated with oxygen which is transported through the alveoli in the lungs. the oxygen then diffuses through the alveolar membrane into the atmosphere, which facilitates diffusion
what does the gastrointestinal system do
Nutrients are absorbed from ingested food, through the walls of the GI tract, and into the extracellular fluid of circulating blood
what does the hepatic system do
The liver acts to chemically modify ingested, but difficult to absorb, nutrients into usable forms that are then modified and stored by other tissues for future use
what does the musculoskeletal system do
Provides structure and movement that allows you to get up to hunt and gather
what does the kidney system do
allows for the removal of urea and uric acids, and excess ions and water. done by absorbing large quantities of plasma, then returning to the blood of substances that are of nutritional waste
what does the sensory input system do
detects the state of the body and surrounding environment
what does the central nervous system do
stores info, generates thoughts, and determines reactions in response to the sensory input system
what does the motor output portion do
allows for the generation of actions based on the signals provided in the central nervous system
what is the autonomic system
operates at a subconscious level to control the function of internal organs, including heart, GI, and glandular secretions
what is the hormonal system
eight major endocrine glands secrete hormones that help regulate cellular function
what does the reproductive system do
provides homeostasis at a population level
how do baroreceptors maintain homeostasis
decreased heart rate + increase of vascular diameter = decrease in pressure overall
what is the gain equation
correction/error
what is positive feedback
stimulus causes response to stimulate stimulus - leads to instability
what is negative feedback
stimulus causes response to oppose stimulus - acts to maintain homeostasis
what is gain of a control system
the degree of effectiveness of a control system at maintaining constant conditions
what’s an example of negative feedback
increased CO2 causes increased pulmonary ventilation, which decreases CO2
what’s an example of positive feedback
a rupture in a blood vessel initiates a clot formation, and enzyme activation within the clot causes other enzymes in the blood to clot
what does adaptive control mean
a system that changes their response each time a stimulus is presented until the proper response is determined
