the body (midterm 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three anatomical planes

A

frontal, sagittal, transverse

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2
Q

what does “left” reference

A

to the left of the body

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3
Q

what does “right” reference

A

to the right of the body

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4
Q

what does lateral mean

A

toward the side, away from the midsagittal plane

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5
Q

what does the midsagittal plane mean

A

middle of the plane

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6
Q

what does medial mean

A

toward the midsaggital plane, away from the side

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7
Q

what does anterior mean

A

toward the front of the body

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8
Q

what does posterior mean

A

toward the back of the body

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9
Q

what does superior mean

A

toward the top of the body

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10
Q

what does inferior mean

A

toward the bottom of the body

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11
Q

what does dorsal mean

A

along or toward the vertebral surface of the body

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12
Q

what does ventral mean

A

along or toward the belly surface of the body

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13
Q

what does caudal mean

A

toward the tail

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14
Q

what does cephalad mean

A

toward the head

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15
Q

what does proximal mean

A

toward the trunk

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16
Q

what does distal mean

A

away from the trunk/an extermity

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17
Q

what does visceral mean

A

toward an internal organ

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18
Q

what does parietal mean

A

toward the wall

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19
Q

what is physiology

A

the study of the characteristics and mechanisms of the human body

20
Q

what are intracellular fluid

A

fluids retained in cells - contains large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

21
Q

how much fluid is retained within cells

22
Q

how much fluid is outside cells

23
Q

what is extracellular fluids

A

fluid outside cells - contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions

24
Q

what is an example of homeostasis in the lungs

A

lungs provide oxygen consumed by cells and remove carbon dioxide produced by cells

25
what is the rate of blood movement through the circulatory system at rest and during activity
1 circuit/min at rest, 6 circuits/min during activity
26
what ensures fluids movement between blood capillaries and cells
few cells are located more than 50 microns away from a capillary, which ensures diffusion in seconds, allowing for extracellular fluid to be continually mixed and maintain homogeneity of fluid throughout the body
27
what are the four nutrient supply systems
respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, musculoskeletal
28
what does the respiratory system do
blood is concentrated with oxygen which is transported through the alveoli in the lungs. the oxygen then diffuses through the alveolar membrane into the atmosphere, which facilitates diffusion
29
what does the gastrointestinal system do
Nutrients are absorbed from ingested food, through the walls of the GI tract, and into the extracellular fluid of circulating blood
30
what does the hepatic system do
The liver acts to chemically modify ingested, but difficult to absorb, nutrients into usable forms that are then modified and stored by other tissues for future use
31
what does the musculoskeletal system do
Provides structure and movement that allows you to get up to hunt and gather
32
what does the kidney system do
allows for the removal of urea and uric acids, and excess ions and water. done by absorbing large quantities of plasma, then returning to the blood of substances that are of nutritional waste
33
what does the sensory input system do
detects the state of the body and surrounding environment
34
what does the central nervous system do
stores info, generates thoughts, and determines reactions in response to the sensory input system
35
what does the motor output portion do
allows for the generation of actions based on the signals provided in the central nervous system
36
what is the autonomic system
operates at a subconscious level to control the function of internal organs, including heart, GI, and glandular secretions
37
what is the hormonal system
eight major endocrine glands secrete hormones that help regulate cellular function
38
what does the reproductive system do
provides homeostasis at a population level
39
how do baroreceptors maintain homeostasis
decreased heart rate + increase of vascular diameter = decrease in pressure overall
40
what is the gain equation
correction/error
41
what is positive feedback
stimulus causes response to stimulate stimulus - leads to instability
42
what is negative feedback
stimulus causes response to oppose stimulus - acts to maintain homeostasis
43
what is gain of a control system
the degree of effectiveness of a control system at maintaining constant conditions
44
what's an example of negative feedback
increased CO2 causes increased pulmonary ventilation, which decreases CO2
45
what's an example of positive feedback
a rupture in a blood vessel initiates a clot formation, and enzyme activation within the clot causes other enzymes in the blood to clot
46
what does adaptive control mean
a system that changes their response each time a stimulus is presented until the proper response is determined