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BIOE340 > pulmonary ventilation and circulation (midterm 3) > Flashcards

pulmonary ventilation and circulation (midterm 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four functions of respiration

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation - oxygenates blood and tissues and pulls out CO2
  • Gas diffusion in the lung - the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood
  • Gas diffusion in the tissues - the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues
  • Regulation of ventilation - the control systems that regulate these mechanisms
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2
Q

where is the only place gas exchange occurs

A

alveolus

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3
Q

what does the anatomical dead space do

A
  • Warm the air to body temperature
  • Humidify the air to saturation
  • Remove dust by nasal hairs of mucosal surfaces
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4
Q

what is the anatomical dead space and how big is it

A

the volume of lungs each breath has to fill to get to gas exchange - 150 mL - no gas exchange occurs here (water equilibrates in this space)

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5
Q

what are the two ways lungs can be expanded and contracted

A
  • downward and upward movement of the diaphragm, changing chest cavity length
  • elevation and depression of the ribs, changing chest cavity diameter
    these work together to change volume
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6
Q

where does the lung float

A

in the thoracic cavity surrounded by pleuric fluid, which provides suction force that holds the lung to the thoracic wall

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7
Q

what is the charge of pleural pressure

A

slightly negative to keep the lungs open rest, and even more negative during inspiration

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8
Q

what are the mechanics of the lungs

A

lungs expand to let air in
-> muscle contraction during inhalation
-> muscle relaxation during expiration
=> there is elasticity of the lung

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9
Q

what is lung compliance defined as

A

the extent of lung volume increase due to an increase in transpulmonary pressure

the change in volume of the lung divided by the change in transpulmonary pressure

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10
Q

what do surfactants do

A

they can reduce water surface tension by ~ 90%

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11
Q

what are surfactant typically made of

A

amphiphilic molecules and type II alveolar epithelial cells

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12
Q

what is spirometry

A

the method by which the volume of air movement into and out of the lungs is recorded

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13
Q

what four volumes are measured by spirometry

A
  • Tidal Volume (VT)- the volume of air
    inspired or expired with each normal breath (typically 500 ml)
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - the
    extra volume of air that may be inspired in excess of the tidal volume (typically 3000 ml)
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - the
    extra volume of air that may be expired in excess of the tidal volume (typically 1100 ml)
  • Residual Volume (RV) - the volume of air
    remaining in the lungs after forceful expiration (typically 1200 ml)
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14
Q

what four values are calculated from spirometry

A
  • Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
  • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
  • Vital Capacity (VC) - inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume
  • Total Lung Capacity (TLC) - vital capacity plus residual volume
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15
Q

what is the equation for VC, TLC, and FRC

A

VC = IRV + VT + ERV = IC + ERV
TLC = VC + RV = IC + FRC
FRC = ERV + RV

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16
Q

what is residual volume and how is it measured

A

air you don’t get rid of through breathing

measured using spirometry with air containing helium

17
Q

how do you measure residual volume (specifics)

A
  1. breathe normally
  2. after expiration, breathe (Vr) in He
  3. measure Hei and Hef in spirometer
  4. He balance: Msi + Mli (=0) = Msf + Mlf
    s = spirometer
    L = lungs
    M = mass
18
Q

what are the equations to calculate residual volume

A

FRC = (CiHe / CfHe - 1)Vinspir
CiHe = initial [He] in spirometer
CfHe = final [He] in spirometer
Vinspir = initial volume of spirometer
=> RV = FRC - ERV

19
Q

what is alveolar ventilation and what is the equation for it

A

the rate at which air reaches areas of gas exchange (Va) = RR (respiratory rate) x (Vt (tidal volume) - Vd)

20
Q

how do you calculate anatomical dead space

A

= Vd
1. inspire pure O2
2. expire -> first pure O2, then mix of O2 + N2 from lung residual volume
Vd = (Vo2/(VN2 + Vo2))xVe

21
Q

what does the pulomary artery have and how far does it extend

A

has deoxygenated blood and extends 5 cm beyond the apex of the right ventricle, then divides to supply blood to the lungs

22
Q

what is the physiology of the pulmonary artery

A

walls are thin, branches are short, pulmonary vessels have larger diameters than those in the systemic system => pulmonary arteries have high compliance (small delta P = large delta V)

23
Q

what is the difference between pressure pulses in ventricle/artery and aorta

A

pressure pulses in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery are significantly lower than those
observed in the aorta (left side of heart)

24
Q

what occurs with pulmonary artery and right vent. pressure during systole

A

they are nearly equal because the valve is open

25
Q

what occurs with pulmonary artery and right vent. pressure during diastole

A

During diastole, right ventricular pressure falls quickly, and pulmonary arterial pressure falls
slowly as blood moves through the pulmonary capillary bed

26
Q

where does blood flow

A

to the regions of the lung where alveoli are more oxygenated

27
Q

what is the normal level of O2 in the air of the alveoli and what happens when the concentration falls below this

A

73 mmHg
adjacent blood vessels constrict due to vasoconstrictors increasing and vasodilators decreasing

28
Q

what happens to blood distribution due to hydrostatic pressure and what are the resulting values

A

there is a significant difference in BF to different areas of the lung

23 mmHg pressure difference between top and bottom of the lung
- 15 mmHg is above the heart, 8 mmHg is below the heart

29
Q

what is lung height value

A

~ 30 cm

30
Q

what happens when Palv > Pcap

A

capillary will collapse and BF will fall

31
Q

what are the three zones of blood flow

A
  • Zone 1: Palveolar > Pcap => No BF
  • Zone 2: Palv < Pcap (only < durning systole => only blood flow during systeole => intermittent BF
  • Zone 3: Palv < Pcap => constant BF
32
Q

where does the lung have more hydrostatic pressure

A

@ bottom of lung

33
Q

what zone flow does a healthy standing person have

A

zone 2 flow in top and zone 3 zone in bottom of lung

34
Q

what zone flow does a person lying down have

A

zone 3

35
Q

what zone flow does a person have during exercise

A

zone 3

BIOE340 (18 decks)

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