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BVetMed4 - Optho > The Blind Eye > Flashcards

The Blind Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common causes of blindness?

A 
Symblepharon 
Keratitis
Persistent pupillary membranes
Uveal problems 
Cataracts 
Glaucoma 
Fundic disease
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2
Q

What is symblepharon?

A

Two layers stuck together:

Conjunctiva and cornea
Eyelid and cornea
Eyelid and conjunctiva

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3
Q

What is a key cause of symblepharon in kittens/cats ?

What is the general pathogenesis?

A

FHV type I

Causes ulceration of the conjunctiva and cornea
- wounds stick together and create adhesions

(Uncommon)

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4
Q

What type of keratitis is common in brachys?

A

Pigmentary keratopathy

  • pigment on cornea
  • occurs secondary to entropion, distichiasism, eurynlepharon
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5
Q

What is euryblepharon?

A

Large palpebral fissure

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6
Q

What is lagopthalmus?

A

inability to close eyelid completely

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7
Q

How do you treat patients with pigmentary keratopathy due to brachycephalic ocular syndrome?

A

Surgical correction of euryblepharon (etc)

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8
Q

What is the pupillary membrane

A

Embryologic membrane that should regress
Originates from iris colarette

BVs which emerge from middle part of iris and nourish lens during development

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9
Q

What can PPMs cause?

A

Corneal and/or lens opacity

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10
Q

What clinical signs are associated with uveitis?

A

FLARE - Tyndall effect

Hypopion +/ hyphaema
Synechia - adhesions between iris and cornea or lens

DECREASED IOP - can increase if chronic

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11
Q

Why do you see reduced IOP in patients with acute uveitis?

A

Ciliary body doesn’t produce as much aqueous humour

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12
Q

What is the uvea?

A

All the vascular tissue in the eye

  • iris and ciliary body - anterior
  • choroid - posterior
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13
Q

What causes flare?

A

Increased proteins in the anterior chamber

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14
Q

Does hypopion always indicate infection?

A

NO

Usually STERILE

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15
Q

What is the difference between anterior and posterior synechia?

A

Anterior - iris adheres to cornea

Posterior - iris adheres to lens

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16
Q

How can you differentiate between PPMs and synechia ?

A

PPM - originates from iris colarette (middle segment)

Synechia - comes from margin of iris

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17
Q

What complications can occur due to uveitis?

Why?

A

Corneal oedema - damage to endothelium which usually pumps out fluid
Cataracts - poor nourishment to lens
Synechia
Retinal detachment - inflammation of choroid
Lens luxation in cats
Glaucoma - accumulation of inflammatory cells etc

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18
Q

What causes uveal problems ?

A
  • systemic hypertension
  • infectious
  • immune mediated
  • neoplastic
  • complicated ulcers
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19
Q

What are some infectious causes of uveitis?

A

Viral - FeLV, FIV, FIP
Bacterial - pyo and others e.g. cystitis
Parasitic - Toxoplasma, Leishmania
Fungal- Cryptococcus (not common)

20
Q

What neoplasms can cause uveitis?

A

Lymphoma MOST COMMON

Metastatic adenocarcinoma

21
Q

What is reflex uveitis ?

A

CNV irritated causing epiphora and reflex cascade leading to uveitis

22
Q

What is the most common cause of uveal problems?

What is the suggested tx ?

A

Idiopathic

Immunosuppressive therapy

23
Q

When can you use steroids?

A

If corneal ulcer has been RULED OUT

24
Q

What opthalmic findings would you expect with systemic hypertension?

A

Intraocular haemorrhage
Bullous retinal detachment
Iris earl haemorrhages
Tortuosity of retinal vessels (don’t look as straight)

25
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Any opacity of the lens which impedes light transmission

26
Q

How are cataracts related to uveitis?

A

Can cause uveitis

Can be a sequel to uveitis due to poor lens nourishment

27
Q

What is the difference between cataracts and nuclear sclerosis?

A

Nuclear sclerosis isn’t associated with visual defects - can still see through it on fundoscopy

Aging change that generally does NOT cause blindness

28
Q

Which cataracts cause blindness?

A

Complete

29
Q

What are the causes of cataracts?

A 
Inherited 
Congenital 
Traumatic 
Metabolic
Nutritional 
PRA
Senile
30
Q

How do traumatic cataracts tend to occur?

A

Blunt trauma (compression of eye) or penetrating trauma (FB or scratch)

31
Q

How can phacoclastic uveitis occur secondary to FB trauma?

How is it treated?

A

FB opens up lens capsule leading to leakage of lens protein into the anterior chamber and expose it to the immune system.

Difficult to control medically - Lens removal usually indicated - REFERRAL

32
Q

What causes metabolic cataracts?

A

DIABETES in DOGS (rare for cats)

33
Q

Describe the appearance of senile cataracts

A

Cortex (periphery)
Wedge shaped
Rarely progress to complete cataract

34
Q

What should you do to relieve pain in end stage glaucoma?

A

REMOVE EYE

35
Q

What are some key retinal diseases?

A

Retinal dysplasia
PRA
Retinal toxicity - high dose enrofloxacin in cats
Acute retinal disease - SARDS, IMR

36
Q

What breed is typically affected by retinal dysplasia?

A

SPANIELS
CKCS ESS

Congenital

37
Q

What is PRA?

What CS is it associated with

A

Progressive Retinal Atrophy

Night blindness progress to day blindness
Leads to cataract (end stage)
Not painful

38
Q

What is associated with PRA on opthalmic examination?

A

Hyperreflective Tapetum - retinal thinning
Vascular attenuation - retinal vessel thinning
Late stage: cataracts

39
Q

What is retinal detachment?

What are the two types?

A

Neuro-retina detaches from retinal pigment epithelium

INFLAMMATORY = BULLOUS

DISINSERTIONAL = RHEGMATOGNOUS

40
Q

What causes bullous retinal detachment?

A

Retina is pushed by fluid

41
Q

What causes rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ?

A

Retina loses peripheral attachments

42
Q

What are the clinically significant optic nerve diseases?

A

Optic neuritis

Optic nerve neoplasia

43
Q

What causes optic neuritis?

A

Meningoencephalitis of known origin / aetiology(MUO/A)

Infectious diseases

  • Distemper
  • Ehrlichia
  • Cryptococcus
44
Q

What is the most common neoplasia of the optic nerve?

A

MENINGIOMA

45
Q

How can you identify optic neuritis

A

Hyperaemia of the papilla
Vascular congestion
Peri papillary haemorrhages

BVetMed4 - Optho (8 decks)

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