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Ophthalmology > The Blind Eye > Flashcards

The Blind Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the eight main causes of blindness?

A
  1. Symblepharon
  2. Keratitis
  3. PPMs
  4. Uvea problems
  5. Cataracts
  6. Glaucoma
  7. Posterior segment
  8. Optic nerve disease
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2
Q

What is symblepharon?

A

Adhesions between conjunctiva/eyelid/cornea/TE

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3
Q

What disease is associated with symblepharon?

A

Feline herpesvirus type I

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4
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Inflammation of the cornea

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5
Q

Give examples of a common keratitis…

A

Pigmentary keratopathy which is common in brachycephalics. This is secondary to entropion, distichiasis and euryblepharon

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6
Q

What are PPMs?

A

Persistent pupillary membranes. They are an embryologic memebranes that should regress originating from the iris collaretes. If they persist they can cause corneal and lens opacity.

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of uveal problems?

A 
Tyndall effect
Hypopyon
Hyphema
Synechia
Decreased IOP
If chronic, increased IOP
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8
Q

What are the complications of uveitis?

A 
Corneal oedema
Cataracts
Synechia 
PFIMs
Retinal detachment
Lens luxation
Glaucoma
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9
Q

What are the causes of corneal oedema?

A

Epithelial: Ulcer
Endothelial: Uveitis, glaucoma, lens luxation
Vascular: Vessels in the cornea

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10
Q

What are the causes of uveal problems?

A 
Systemic hypertension
Viral: FeLV, FIV
Parasitic: Toxo, leishmania
Fungal: Cryptococcus
Bacterial: Pyometra
Immune: Uveodermatological syndrome
Neoplasticism: Lymphoma, metastatic adenocarinoma
Complicated ulcers: Reflex uveitis
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11
Q

How would you treat uveal problems?

A

Treat the cause:

Hypertension - ACEI
Systemic anti-inflammatory - carpofen, meloxicam, prednisone
Topical anti-inflammatories - Steroid eyepdrops QID. (Prenisolone acetate or dexamethatsone phosphate)
Cycloplegics: Tropicamide BID

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12
Q

What are the other findings of systemic hypertension?

A

Hyphema, retinal haemorrhage, bullous retinal detachment

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13
Q

What are the 7 causes of cataracts?

A
  1. Inherited
  2. Congenital
  3. Traumatic
  4. Metabolic
  5. Nutritional
  6. PRA
  7. Senile
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14
Q

What is a nuclear cataract?

A

The most common type bringing with a gradual hardening of the central zone of the lens

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15
Q

What traumatic reasons cause a cataract?

A

Foreign bodies

Cat scratches

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16
Q

What should you do with traumatic causes of cataracts?

A

Always refer!

17
Q

What is the reasons for metabolic cataracts?

A

Seen in patients with diabetes. Sorbitol builds up in the lens which then draws water in.

18
Q

What are the nutritional causes of cataracts?

A

Puppies and kittens fed on inappropriate milk replacers but this is now uncommon

19
Q

What is PRA?

A

Progressive retinal atrophy

20
Q

Why does PRA cause cataracts?

A

Secondary to retinal degeneration. Retina when degenerated released the toxin glutamate that leads to cataracts.

21
Q

How does glaucoma cause blindness?

A

High intraocular pressure progressed with neurodegenerative disease.

22
Q

What are the reasons for blindness originating front he posterior segment?

A

1) Persistent hyaloid artery and primary vitreous
2) Retina dysplasia
3) PRA
4) Retinal toxicity
5) Acute retinal disease
a. SARDS (Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome)
B. IMR (immunemediated retinopathy)

23
Q

What are the three types of retinal dysplasia?

A
  1. Retinal folds (mild)
  2. Geographic
  3. Retinal detachment (severe)
24
Q

How does PRA progress?

A

Initially as night blindness which progresses to day blindness. Often starting at middle age and can lead to cataracts.

25
Q

How do you diagnose PRA?

A

Hyper reflective tatepum and vascular attenuation due to a thin retina and retinal vessels respectively

26
Q

What is the cause of retinal toxicity?

A

High doses of enrofloxacin in cats, also marbofloxacin

27
Q

How do you diagnose SARDS>

A

ERG (electoretinography)

28
Q

What are the two types of retinal detachment?

A

1) Bullous - inflammatory. Retina is pushed by fluid

2) Rhematogenous - Disinsertional. Retina loses perishable attachments

29
Q

What optic nerve disease can cause blindness?

A

Meningoencepahlitis of Unknown Origin MUO
Infectious - Distemper, Ehrlichia, Cryptococcus
Optic nerve neoplasia: Meningioma
Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)

30
Q

What is Collie Eye Anomaly?

A

A combination of 2 diseases - chorodial hypoplasia and optic nerve head coloboma. This can develop retinal detachment and hyphema

Ophthalmology (9 decks)

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