Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2024 Science Yearly Revision > The Birds And The Bees > Flashcards

The Birds And The Bees Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

IVF meaning and definition

A

In vitro fertilisation: process in which fertilisation takes place out body (in vitro) and embryo is implanted into uterus for development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

IVF process

A
  1. Ovarian stimulation hormone therapy (helps ovaries produce more eggs)
  2. EggS retrieved from ovaries using needle
  3. Sperm collection, washed and concentrated
  4. EggS and sperm fertilise in incubator
  5. Cells divide to form embryo
  6. Implant embryo in uterus to hopefully grow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

IVF Advantages

A
  • Allows infertile couples to have baby
  • Genetic screening allows detection of unwanted genetic diseases to lower health issue rates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

IVF Disadvantages

A
  • Increased chance of multiple pregnancy risk –> Risks health of mother and babies
  • Expensive (approx. $15 000 per cycle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IVF Ethical issues

A
  • Creation of multiple embryos, what happens when no longer needed?
  • Discarding embryos violates sanctity of life (Christianity)
  • Life starts at concept belief: killing embryo = murder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cloning definition

A

Process of making a genetically identical copy of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of cloning + definitions

A

Natural cloning: identical twins form when embryo splits and developed into 2 OR binary fission; type of asexual reproduction when organism divides into two, each with a copy of genetic material (e.g. bacteria, strawberries)
Reproductive cloning: deliberate reproduction of genetically identical individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Process of reproductive cloning

A
  1. Take body cell from somatic cell donor (organism being cloned)
  2. Get egg cell from egg donor
  3. Remove nucleus and DNA from egg cell
  4. Transfer nucleus + DNA from body cell and fuse it with egg cell using electrical current triggering cell division
  5. Implant egg into surrogate mother where it will grow and be identical to somatic cell donor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cloning ethical issues

A
  • Considered animal abuse due to mutations leading to lower life expectancy
  • Violates sanctity of life by artificially creating life (playing “God”)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cloning advantages

A
  • Can preserve endangered species
  • Allows for breeding of farm animals with more desirable traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cloning disadvantages

A
  • Clones often have health issues (developmental abnormalities, shortened lifespans)
  • Reduces genetic diversity, negatively impacts adaptability and resilience of populations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stem cells definition

A

Undifferentiated cells without a specific function or structure, when differentiated, becomes more specialised cell type, changing structure according to new function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stem cell types

A

Adult/somatic and embryonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Somatic stem cell definition

A

Multipotent, differentiates into all cell types in one lineage (the tissue or organ it resides in), found in various tissues (i.e. bone marrow or fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Embryonic stem cell definition

A

Pluripotent, able to develop into any cell type in body, derived from early stage embryos (blastocysts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stem cell advantages

A

Potential to treat wide range of diseases and injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adult stem cell specific advantage examples

A

Used to replace cells in tissues and organs
e.g. bone marrow transplant replaces bone marrow not producing enough healthy blood cells with healthy blood-forming stem cells to treat leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stem cell disadvantages

A
  • Observed mutations have risk of turning into cancer cells
  • Cells derived from donor can be rejected by patient’s immune system (results in inflammation, destruction of foreign cells perceived as threat by body)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stem cells ethical issues

A
  • Expensive (only wealthy countries can afford, widening economic disparities globally)
  • New research = unknown long-term side effects = exploiting patients
20
Q

Ovary purpose

A

Releases egg around middle of menstrual cycle (ovulation), makes oestrogen and progesterone

21
Q

Fallopian tube purpose

A

Channels for egg transport and fertilisation where egg and sperm meet, connects to uterus

22
Q

Uterus purpose

A

Where fertilised egg implants during pregnancy and baby develops

23
Q

Vagina purpose

A

Passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from uterus to leave body during menstrual period. Holds sperm until passed into uterus, muscular tube where baby travels during birth

24
Q

Testes purpose

A

Makes sperm, produces testosterone

25
Q

Scrotum purpose

A

Thick sac of skin surrounding testicles, protects testes

26
Q

Urethra purpose

A

Tube allowing urine + sperm to pass outside body

27
Q

Penis purpose

A

Urination, sexual intercourse (becomes erect to deposit sperm inside vagina)

28
Q

DNA definition

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, molecule that carries genetic information for development and function of an organism

29
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • made of 2 strands of DNA in double helix shape, composed of nucleotides
30
Q

Parts of a nucleotide + names or shapes

A

Sugar molecule (hexagon)
Phosphate group (circle)
Nitrogenous base (Cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine)

31
Q

Gene definition

A

Unit of heredity made up of DNA (passed from parents to offspring, contains information needed to specify physical and biological traits)

32
Q

DNA replication process

A
  1. Double helix unzips as helicase breaks hydrogen bond holding bases together
  2. Primase constructs RNA primer at 3’ end of each strand
  3. Nucleotides floating around nucleus moves in to build DNA strand
  4. DNA polymerase attaches to primer and creates new DNA strand (only builds in one direction where unwinding occurs)
  5. Ozaki fragments created where gaps occur on lagging strand
  6. Ligase seals gaps together

Result: Two identical double-helix DNA strands (one new and one old strand)

33
Q

Heterozygous meaning

A

2 different alleles for a trait/gene

34
Q

Homozygous meaning

A

2 identical alleles for a trait/gene

35
Q

Allele definition

A

Variant of gene controlling same trait (recessive or dominant)

36
Q

Mitosis purpose

A

Cell devision for growth, maintenance and repair

37
Q

Mitosis process SIMPLE

A

PMAT
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Anaphase
4. Metaphase
5. Telophase

38
Q

Mitosis results/key features

A
  • Produces 2 diploid daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell (46 chromosomes each)
  • Occurs in somatic cells
39
Q

Meiosis purpose

A

Cell division to produce new sex cells (gametes)

40
Q

Meiosis results/key features

A
  • Produces 4 haploid daughter cells genetically different from parent cell (23 chromosomes each)
  • Occurs in male testes and female ovaries
41
Q

Difference of process of meiosis from mitosis

A
  • Has two successive cell divisions, basically mitosis but repeated twice except prophase 1 is different and no interphase 2
42
Q

Prophase meaning (meiosis)

A

Chromosomes form homologous pairs (tetrads) which cross over to increase genetic variation

43
Q

Interphase meaning

A

Cell grows, chromatin duplicates

44
Q

Prophase meaning (mitosis)

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleus dissolves

45
Q

Metaphase meaning

A

Chromosomes line up at equator, pulled by spindle fibres (mitosis: single file, meiosis: in pairs)

46
Q

Anaphase meaning

A

Chromatids (mitosis) or chromosomes (meiosis) pulled to opposite ends of cell by spindles

47
Q

Telophase meaning

A

Cytokinesis splits cell in half, nucleus regrows

2024 Science Yearly Revision (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions