Medical Technology

Question 1

Disease definition

Answer 1

Condition that prevents an organism from functioning properly, not as a direct result of physical injury

Question 2

Infectious disease cause + definition for cause

Answer 2

Pathogens: infective organism or particle that causes disease

Question 3

What is an infected organism called

Answer 3

Host

Question 4

Vector definition

Answer 4

Organisms that transmit pathogens from infected host to unaffected individual but are not affected by the pathogen

Question 5

Examples of infectious diseases

Answer 5

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

Question 6

Why are viruses different?

Answer 6

NOT alive, don’t have any cells, needs to invade an organism’s cells to replicate its RNA

Question 7

Infectious disease transmissions + simple definitions

Answer 7

Direct contact (human to human), Indirect contact (not human to human)

Question 8

How are diseases passed through direct contact?

Answer 8

Though fluids and/or breaks in skin

Question 9

Indirect contact transmission examples + definitions

Answer 9

• Airborne: through nose (coughing/sneezing)
• Waterborne: drinking contaminated water
  Common vehicles: through mouth/injectables (e.g. eating contaminated food)
• Vector borne: through skin or ingestion
• Fomites (non-living surfaces)

Question 10

Non-infectious disease definition

Answer 10

Not transmitted from one person to another, caused by factors other than pathogens

Question 11

Non-infectious disease causes examples

Answer 11

• Environmental exposure
• Life style (e.g. alcohol/drugs)
• Genetics (e.g. Type 1 Diabetes)
• Nutritional (eg. vitamin deficiencies)
• Ageing
• Psychological

Question 12

Endemic definition

Answer 12

Amount of particular disease usually present in a localised community to a specific region or country

Question 13

Epidemic definition

Answer 13

An increase, often sudden, in disease cases in a specific population above normal expectations

Question 14

Pandemic definition

Answer 14

Epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents

Question 15

Epidemic/Pandemic usually results from…

Answer 15

• Recent introduction of pathogen to new population with low immunity

Question 16

First line of defence definition

Answer 16

Physical and chemical barriers (non-specific response)

Question 17

Examples of physical barriers

Answer 17

• Skin
• Mucous in nose and mouth
• Cilia (tiny hairs)

Question 18

Examples of chemical barriers

Answer 18

• Acid in stomach skills pathogens
• Vomiting, crying, coughing, sneezing, sweating

Question 19

Second line of defence examples SIMPLE

Answer 19

Phagocytosis, Inflammation

Question 20

Main role of inflammation

Answer 20

To increase blood flow

Question 21

Third line of defence definition

Answer 21

Specific defence using white blood cells called lymphocytes produced to fight specific pathogens (released by phagocytes)

Question 22

B lymphocytes purpose

Answer 22

Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens outside of body cells

Question 23

Antibodies possible processes

Answer 23

1. Bind directly to pathogen to kill it
2. Bind pathogens together to be engulfed by phagocytes
3. activate chemical toxins which destroy pathogens

Question 24

T lymphocytes purpose

Answer 24

Destroy pathogens more directly by producing chemicals that destroy cells containing pathogens

Question 25

How does body remember antibody recipies?

Answer 25

When body develops new antibodies, it remembers recipe through memory B and T cells so more can be made quickly if same pathogen invades body again.

Question 26

Why are specific cells needed for different pathogens?

Answer 26

Because every pathogen is unique

Question 27

Inflammation Process

Answer 27

• Blood vessels dilate, blood to site of infection
• Chemicals attract phagocytes
• Fluid from blood carries phagocytes and antibodies to site of infection
• Temp rises so phagocytes work faster and destroy pathogens

Question 28

Phagocytosis process

Answer 28

White blood cells (phagocytes) engulf pathogens and destroy them