the big 5 personality

Question 1

what make us individual

Answer 1

family, environment, experiences, traits, culture, hereditary - biopsychosocial approach

Question 2

phrenology

Answer 2

• bumps on skull inform us about personality and characteristics
• mental abilities
• first idea of brain area relating to personality

Question 3

what are some other theories on personality

Answer 3

craniometry : measuring bones of the skull to determine intelligence
physiognomy: assessment of personality from outer appearance
humourism: good health results when 4 basic structures, substances, humours are balance.

Question 4

type vs trait

Answer 4

type : psychological classification of different types of people
traits : psychological classification of different levels or degrees

Question 5

type A personality

Answer 5

ambitious, aggressive, impatient, time-pressured, tightly wound, workaholic

Question 6

type b personality

Answer 6

easy going,laid back, patient

Question 7

type D

Answer 7

worrying, social inhibited, more stress

Question 8

type c

Answer 8

detailed orientated

Question 9

trait theory assumption

Answer 9

personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
and across situations.

Question 10

how did trait theory develop

Answer 10

lexical hypothesis (Galton)
- Allport : 18,000 words referring to personality traits. reduced to around 4,500
- Cattell reduced 4,500 to 171 using factor analysis.

Question 11

lexical hypothesis

Answer 11

Galton: difference in personality important for social interaction. individual difference become encoded as single terms. number of words that refer to each trait = importance of the trait. taxonomy of personality traits by studying language.

Question 12

eysnecks supertraits

Answer 12

• personality is partially heritable when everyone else was saying it was all down to environment.
• aim to identify main dimensions of personality and devise means of measurement using experimental, quantitative procedures.
• super traits represent in PEN model.

Question 13

psychoticism

Answer 13

aggressive, egocentric, creative, impulsive, tough-minded, antisocial, cold.
genetic and environmental contributions to variance in the personality trait

Question 14

Dark triad

Answer 14

Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy.

Question 15

why was big five suggested

Answer 15

three super traits is not enough and 16 is too many, best way to construe personality is in terms of five major traits.

Question 16

Big five factor model

Answer 16

costa and McCrae (1992)
Extraversion
neuroticism
agreeableness
conscientiousness
openness to experience

Question 17

how does personality traits effect assertive behaviour

Answer 17

2015 : assumed introverted and agreeable people are not assertive

Question 18

how does personality traits effect placebo effects

Answer 18

the effect of placebos on pain depends on agreeableness increase magnitude on effect.

Question 19

transactional model of stress and coping

Answer 19

Lazarus and Folkman (1987) : internal/external – appraisals (evaluated, primary/secondary) — short term (mood) and long term (physical/mental health) outcomes.

Question 20

emotion regulation

Answer 20

how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them and how they experience and express them

Question 21

what type of emotional regulations are there

Answer 21

subjective experience (feelings), cognitive responses (thoughts), emotion-related physiological responses (heart rate..), emotion related behaviour (expression).

Question 22

the process model of emotion regulation

Answer 22

gross and Thompson (2007) :
situation (selection then modification) - attention ( deployment) - appraisal (cognitive change) - response (modification).

Question 23

what are the emotion regulation strategies

Answer 23

situation selection
situation modification
attentional focus
reappraisal
suppression

Question 24

is there a link between personality and emotion regulation

Answer 24

personality traits can predict emotion regulation strategies, neuroticism linked to suppression and extraversion and conscientiousness to reappraisal strategies.
Hughes et al (2020) : big 5 factors linked with different strategies.

Question 25

how does openness correlate with social attributes.

Answer 25

more creative,
Colbert et al (2013): leadership qualities.
berry and hansen (1996) : associated with more disclosure in social interactions.
Brandt et al (2015) : more tolerant to diverse world views but intolerant if they are not in line with own views.

Question 26

how does conscientiousness correlate to social attributes

Answer 26

McCrae and costa (1988) : adults high in conscientiousness experience affection from parents during childhood - impact on relationships
Tang et al (2018): associated with low Facebook addiction.
health : respond better to treatment and recovery.

Question 27

how does extroversion correlate to social attributes

Answer 27

Eisenkraft and Eiffebien (2010) : 48 workgroups, each 4/5 individuals, complete measure of 5 factor model. elevated levels of extraversion = more likely to elicit negative emotions in their colleagues
Lucas (2016) : pleasant affect and socialiabitliy : reward sensitivity theory.

Question 28

how does agreeableness correlate to social attributes

Answer 28

agreeable individuals tend to evaluate other people favourably.
Kammrath and Scholar (2011) : challenged this assumption, researchers showed agreeable individuals are especially likely to evaluate helpful acts favourably but unhelpful acts unfavourably.
witt et al (2002) : agreeableness associated with improved job performance through improved cooperation and social affiltion.

Question 29

How does neuroticism correlate with social attributes

Answer 29

Mandelli et al (2014) : strong association with depressive severity, independently from current depressive state
Denizen and penke (2008) : neurotic individuals react with heightened sensitivity to threatening social cues