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GCSE History- Health And People > The Beginnings of Change: c1500-c1800 > Flashcards

The Beginnings of Change: c1500-c1800 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Renaissance?

A

Began in Europe in mid-fifteenth century and triggered rediscovery of Classics (Greeks & Romans)

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2
Q

Challenge to Galen: AUTOPSIES

A

More autopsies meant more discrepancies between what Galen said and what was found

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3
Q

Challenge to Galen: ANDREAS VERSALIUS (4)

A
  • Believed anatomy was key
  • Developed more accurate understanding of how human body works
  • Used artists to accurately depict human body in book
  • Disproved Galen’s theory of humans having 2 jaw bones
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4
Q

Challenge to Galen: AMBROISE PARÉ (2)

A
  • Made his own less painful and more effective alternative to cauterising oil
  • Developed artificial limbs & used ligatures
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5
Q

Challenge to Galen: WILLIAM HARVEY (3)

A
  • Circulation of blood by dissecting cold-blooded amphibians
  • Challenged ‘bleeding’ and liver as centre of body
  • Partially theoretical as couldn’t see capillaries
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6
Q

Surgeons: JOHN HUNTER (2)

A
  • Had huge collections of human & animal specimens

- Extremely skilled at dissection and employed an artist to draw discoveries

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7
Q

Changes to Training: 1811, 1813, 1856

A

1811- to be a surgeon, had to attend one course in anatomy and one in surgery
1813- must have min of 1 year’s experience in a hospital
1856- of 10,220 persons listed in directory only 4% had medical degree from English University

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8
Q

Medicines Used: LADY JOHANNA St JOHN

A

-Compiled recipe book of cures with herbs grown in her garden

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9
Q

Medicine Used: NICHOLAS CULPEPER (3)

A
  • wrote in English to help poor avoid physicians fees
  • classified herbs by uses
  • used Doctrine of Signatures & astrology
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10
Q

Medicines Used: AROUND THE WORLD

A
  • Asia: rhubarb
  • South America: chinchana bark
  • China: opium
  • North America: tobacco
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11
Q

What was Quackery? (3)

A

Invention and selling of medicines that didn’t work

  • sold by salesperson who moved on before customers realised product didn’t work
  • needed: charm, good packaging, influential clients, advertisement
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12
Q

Quackery: DAFFY’S ELIXIR

A
  • 1647 invention by Leicestershire clergyman
  • claimed it cured consumption, worms, kidney stones etc
  • made fortune for him & family
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13
Q

Hospitals: WHO BUILT THEM? (5)

A
  • as charitable gifts of private people
  • used modern methods to cure patients
  • 1719: Westminster- private bank
  • 1724: Guy’s- Guy Thomas
  • ‘private subscription’: locals paid for construction & running of hospitals
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14
Q

Hospitals: WHAT HAPPENED IN THEM? (3)

A
  • SICK CARED FOR: individual wards for different diseases, free care, dispensaries for medicine
  • EDUCATE FUTURE DOCTORS: medical schools attached to hospitals
  • HELPED DOCTORS IN JOBS: attracted wealthy patients & better reputation, treatments still primarily based on 4 humours
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15
Q

Hospitals: SPECIALIST HOSPITALS

A
  • 1741: Foundling Hospital: orphaned children until 15yo
  • 1746: Lock Hospital: STDs, STIs
  • 1747: Middlesex Hospital: pregnant women
  • 1749: British Hospital for Mothers and Babies: maternity
  • 1751: St Luke’s Hospital: mentally ill
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16
Q

Hospitals: HOSPITAL BOOM

A
  • 1720-1750: 5 new general hospitals in London & 9 throughout country
  • By 1800, London hospitals handled >20000 patients a year (1400 only 4700max)
17
Q

New Discoveries: ROBERT BURTON (3)

A

1621:

  • studied mental illness
  • blamed lack of exercise etc for ‘melancholy’
  • recommended fresh air, exercise, music as remedy
18
Q

New Discoveries: JANE SHARP (4)

A

1671:

  • Study on midwifery
  • argued profession of midwife should be reserved for women
  • her practical advice widely read and used
19
Q

New Discoveries: GEORGE CHEYNE (2)

A

1724

  • argued obesity and nervous disorders caused by hereditary and poor lifestyle
  • should take responsibility for health, don’t rely on doctors to fix you
20
Q

New Discoveries: JAMES LIND

A

1753

- cure for scurvy

21
Q

Before Vaccination

A

INNOCULATION
- Widely used in Middle East
- Introduced to England by Lady Montagu
Means introducing small form of disease so body can fight it and become immune to larger version of disease

22
Q

Prevention of Disease: EDWARD JENNER (2)

A
  • found having cowpox meant you didn’t get smallpox (milk maids)
  • worked in James Phipps but couldn’t explain why
23
Q

Prevention of Disease: EDWARD JENNER: Reaction

A
  • innoculators not supportive
  • god- smallpox punishment
  • wrong to inject cowpox
  • freedom & free will
  • antigovernment beliefs
24
Q

Prevention of Disease: EDWARD JENNER: Dates (1797-1807)

A

1797: submitted paper to Royal Society but was rejected for no proof
1798: published ‘An Enquiry into Cause and Effect of Varioae Vaccine’
1802: awarded £10,000 by Government for work
1807: given £20,000 after Royal College of Physicians confirmed efficacy of vaccine

25
Q

Prevention of Disease: EDWARD JENNER: Dates (1837-1887)

A

1837-40: vaccine free to infants

1853: compulsory not enforced
1866: anti-vaccine league set up
1871: parents fined if children not vaccinated
1887: once death rates dropped, into to right to refuse vaccine

26
Q

Why was childbirth so dangerous?

A
  • No antiseptic
  • No anaesthetics
  • Risk of infection
27
Q

Infant Mortality: ALEXANDER GORDON (5)

A
  • Worked on childbed fever
  • Noticed women treated by wise woman/ midwife rarely caught it
  • Doctors/ midwife who moved from patient to patient more likely to die
  • Proposed to wash hands more frequently
  • 1795: published work and was denied by whole medical profession
28
Q

Early Modern: Role of War

A

+ Ambrois Paré- 1536: Seige of Milan: new cauterising oil alternative

29
Q

Early Modern: Role of Religion

A
  • Obstruction to success of smallpox vaccine
30
Q

Early Modern: Role of Chance

A

+ Jenner- milk maid came to him with cowpox

+ Paré ran out of oil so made up alternative

31
Q

Early Modern: Role of Government

A

+ Jenner- financially supported him

+ Plague- prevention and quarantines

32
Q

Early Modern: Role of Communication

A

+ Printing Press- allowed discoveries to be seen by others
+ Newspapers- allowed spread of medical knowledge
- Newspapers- allowed spread of quackery

33
Q

Early Modern: Role of Science & Technology

A

+ Jenner- testing vaccine approach

+ Harvey- approach to testing blood circulation

34
Q

Early Modern: Role of Individual

A

+ Paré- ‘father of modern surgery’
+ Harvey- blood circulation
+ Jenner- smallpox vaccine
+ Versalius- human anatomy

GCSE History- Health And People (4 decks)

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