The Beginnings of Change: c1500-c1800 Flashcards
What was the Renaissance?
Began in Europe in mid-fifteenth century and triggered rediscovery of Classics (Greeks & Romans)
Challenge to Galen: AUTOPSIES
More autopsies meant more discrepancies between what Galen said and what was found
Challenge to Galen: ANDREAS VERSALIUS (4)
- Believed anatomy was key
- Developed more accurate understanding of how human body works
- Used artists to accurately depict human body in book
- Disproved Galen’s theory of humans having 2 jaw bones
Challenge to Galen: AMBROISE PARÉ (2)
- Made his own less painful and more effective alternative to cauterising oil
- Developed artificial limbs & used ligatures
Challenge to Galen: WILLIAM HARVEY (3)
- Circulation of blood by dissecting cold-blooded amphibians
- Challenged ‘bleeding’ and liver as centre of body
- Partially theoretical as couldn’t see capillaries
Surgeons: JOHN HUNTER (2)
- Had huge collections of human & animal specimens
- Extremely skilled at dissection and employed an artist to draw discoveries
Changes to Training: 1811, 1813, 1856
1811- to be a surgeon, had to attend one course in anatomy and one in surgery
1813- must have min of 1 year’s experience in a hospital
1856- of 10,220 persons listed in directory only 4% had medical degree from English University
Medicines Used: LADY JOHANNA St JOHN
-Compiled recipe book of cures with herbs grown in her garden
Medicine Used: NICHOLAS CULPEPER (3)
- wrote in English to help poor avoid physicians fees
- classified herbs by uses
- used Doctrine of Signatures & astrology
Medicines Used: AROUND THE WORLD
- Asia: rhubarb
- South America: chinchana bark
- China: opium
- North America: tobacco
What was Quackery? (3)
Invention and selling of medicines that didn’t work
- sold by salesperson who moved on before customers realised product didn’t work
- needed: charm, good packaging, influential clients, advertisement
Quackery: DAFFY’S ELIXIR
- 1647 invention by Leicestershire clergyman
- claimed it cured consumption, worms, kidney stones etc
- made fortune for him & family
Hospitals: WHO BUILT THEM? (5)
- as charitable gifts of private people
- used modern methods to cure patients
- 1719: Westminster- private bank
- 1724: Guy’s- Guy Thomas
- ‘private subscription’: locals paid for construction & running of hospitals
Hospitals: WHAT HAPPENED IN THEM? (3)
- SICK CARED FOR: individual wards for different diseases, free care, dispensaries for medicine
- EDUCATE FUTURE DOCTORS: medical schools attached to hospitals
- HELPED DOCTORS IN JOBS: attracted wealthy patients & better reputation, treatments still primarily based on 4 humours
Hospitals: SPECIALIST HOSPITALS
- 1741: Foundling Hospital: orphaned children until 15yo
- 1746: Lock Hospital: STDs, STIs
- 1747: Middlesex Hospital: pregnant women
- 1749: British Hospital for Mothers and Babies: maternity
- 1751: St Luke’s Hospital: mentally ill
Hospitals: HOSPITAL BOOM
- 1720-1750: 5 new general hospitals in London & 9 throughout country
- By 1800, London hospitals handled >20000 patients a year (1400 only 4700max)
New Discoveries: ROBERT BURTON (3)
1621:
- studied mental illness
- blamed lack of exercise etc for ‘melancholy’
- recommended fresh air, exercise, music as remedy
New Discoveries: JANE SHARP (4)
1671:
- Study on midwifery
- argued profession of midwife should be reserved for women
- her practical advice widely read and used
New Discoveries: GEORGE CHEYNE (2)
1724
- argued obesity and nervous disorders caused by hereditary and poor lifestyle
- should take responsibility for health, don’t rely on doctors to fix you
New Discoveries: JAMES LIND
1753
- cure for scurvy
Before Vaccination
INNOCULATION
- Widely used in Middle East
- Introduced to England by Lady Montagu
Means introducing small form of disease so body can fight it and become immune to larger version of disease
Prevention of Disease: EDWARD JENNER (2)
- found having cowpox meant you didn’t get smallpox (milk maids)
- worked in James Phipps but couldn’t explain why
Prevention of Disease: EDWARD JENNER: Reaction
- innoculators not supportive
- god- smallpox punishment
- wrong to inject cowpox
- freedom & free will
- antigovernment beliefs
Prevention of Disease: EDWARD JENNER: Dates (1797-1807)
1797: submitted paper to Royal Society but was rejected for no proof
1798: published ‘An Enquiry into Cause and Effect of Varioae Vaccine’
1802: awarded £10,000 by Government for work
1807: given £20,000 after Royal College of Physicians confirmed efficacy of vaccine
