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GCSE History- Health And People > A Revolution in Medicine: c1800-c1900 > Flashcards

A Revolution in Medicine: c1800-c1900 Flashcards

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1
Q

Context: POPULATION & KILLER DISEASES

A 
Population: 
1801-16.3 mill
1901- 41.6 mill
Killer Diseases: 
Cholera, Smallpox, Dyptheria, Whooping Cough
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2
Q

Development of Germ Theory: RIVAL THEORIES

A

1) Spontaneous Generation: decay causes germs

2) The Germ Theory: germs cause decay

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3
Q

Development of Germ Theory: LOUIS PASTEUR

A

‘Father of microbiology’

  • discovered germs grew in bats of beer and boiling killed germs, tried w. milk
  • PASTUERISATION
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4
Q

Development of Germ Theory: LOUIS PASTEUR: Vaccines

A

1879: Chicken Cholera vaccine
1881: Anthrax vaccine
1884-85: Rabies vaccine

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5
Q

Development of Germ Theory: ROBERT KOCH

A

1878: identified blood poisoning germs
1882: identified TB germ
1883: identified cholera germ
- BACTERIOLOGY ( staining germ so can see it)

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6
Q

Development of Germ Theory: PAUL ERLICH

A

1908: won Nobel prize
1910: discovered compound called Salvarsan 606- could cure syphilis by ‘magic bullets’
- CHEMOTHERAPY

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7
Q

Infant Mortality (3)

A
  • remained high: many couldn’t afford doctors, many children neglected as parents work
  • overcrowding & bad housing: disease spread fast
  • lack of fresh food: hard to fight off illness
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8
Q

Development of Germ Theory: IMPACT ON BRITAIN

A
  • Death rates decreased- especially in cities
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9
Q

Florence Nightingale (3)

A
  • Reduced mortality rate from 49% to 2% during Crimean War
  • Raised money to open first nurse training school to make it honourable career
  • ‘Notes on Nursing’ and ‘Notes on Hospitals’
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10
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: SURGERY MORTALITY RATES: Beg. & End C19th

A

Beginning of C19th- 40% (operation & infection)

End of C19th- 10%

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11
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: DEVELOPMENT OF ANAESTHETICS: Ether (2)

A
  • Dr William Morton- first use of inhaled ether as surgical anaesthetic in 1846
  • Problems w. Ether- not reliable, high volatility, extreme flammability
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12
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: JAMES SIMPSON & CHLOROFORM (1847, 1853)

A
  • 1847- used chloroform to reduce pain after experimenting on himself
  • 1853- Queen Victoria used it in childbirth
  • Help women in labour/ most long-lasting & reliable anaesthetic
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13
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: CHLOROFORM OPPOSITION

A

1)religion
2)distrust
3) easier for patient to die if unconscious
1848- Hannah Greener died after using chloroform in op

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14
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: BLACK PERIOD OF SURGERY

A

20 yrs when death rate increased because of attempts at harder surgeries: exposed patients to blood loss and infection

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15
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: BECOMING A SURGEON

A

1828
Bransby Blake Cooper- killed patient in 1hr op (supposed to be 6mins)
1858
General Medical Council- regulated profession so no nepotism

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16
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: IMPACT OF CHANGES: Success

A
  • Anaesthetics: careful surgery
  • Antiseptic: reduce risk of infection
  • Aseptic surgery: “
17
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: IMPACT OF CHANGES: Opposition (4)

A
  • Jealousy of Lister & Simpson
  • Opposition to changes
  • Worries about inaccuracies
  • Some thought they knew best
18
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: DEVELOPMENT OF ANTISEPTIC SURGERY

A

Ignaz Semmelweiss:

  • dramatically decreased death rate 35% to <1%
  • insisted on hand washing in calcium chloride before treatment
19
Q

A Revolution in Surgery: JOSEPH LISTER & CARBOLIC ACID (3)

A
  • Carbolic Acid: operating room sterilised in it
  • Reduction in mortality rate: 46% to 15% in 3 yrs
  • 1871: invented machine to spray acid over everything
20
Q

C19th Public Health: LIVING CONDITIONS

A

Life Expectancy: east London: 1842: rich- 45 / poor- 16

21
Q

C19th Public Health: NEW WORK HAZARDS

A
  • Scrotal Cancer: climbing chimneys- young boys
  • Phossy Jaw: match factories- young girls
  • Pneumoconiosis: disease of lungs- coal miners
  • Textile Factories: machines and no guards
22
Q

C19th Public Health: FOOD REGULATIONS

A

NO regulations:

  • bakers added white chalk as flour
  • diaries watered down milk
23
Q

C19th Public Health: THE ‘GREAT STINK’

A
  • Causes: dry weather, build up off effluent & no water to wash it away
  • Dangers: miasma theory still widely believed
24
Q

C19th Public Health: CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (3)

A
  • Typhoid,Diarrhoea, Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox, Scarlet Fever, Whooping Cough
  • 57% children died before 5
  • ‘The English Disease’: common in infants, calcium deficiency etc
25
Q

C19th Public Health: IMPACT OF CHOLERA

A 
1831-22: Epidemic 
1848:   “
1854:   “
Origin: Bengal
Cause: trade routes
26
Q

C19th Public Health: JOHN SNOW & CAUSE OF CHOLERA (3)

A
  • 1849: published book arguing cholera spread by dirty water
  • 1854: epidemic, mapped deaths and in common was water pump
  • Removed pump and cholera abated in Broad street
27
Q

C19th Public Health: WHY DID IT IMPROVE? (3)

A
  • Laissez Faire: persuaded govt. to act
  • William Farr: 1837, compulsory birth, marriage & death registrations
  • Thomas Southwood Smith: 1824, studied diseases caused by poverty
28
Q

C19th Public Health: EDWIN CHADWICK

A
  • Explored link between health and poverty
  • 1842: established link & reported findings
  • 1844: Health of Towns Association set up
  • ‘Clean’ party vs. ‘Dirty’ party
29
Q

C19th Public Health: DR BARNARDO (4)

A
  • ‘Ragged School’: school for hungry children could learn better
  • Boys: servants, Wood-chopping brigade/ City Messenger’s Brigade
  • Girls: maids, Factory Girls Club & Institute
  • Funding: Fresh Air Fund/ Children’s Country Holiday Fund
30
Q

C19th Public Health: GOVERNMENT ACTION (1848, 1858, 1866, 1875)

A

1848: Public Health Act- cholera epidemics
1858: New Sewers
1866: Sanitary Act
1875: Housing Act
1875: Food & Drugs Act
1875: Public Health Act- clean water & Medical officers

31
Q

C19th: Role of War (2+)

A

+ 1870: Franco-Prussian War: Drove on Koch & Pasteur

+ Crimean War: Florence Nightingale

32
Q

C19th: Role of Religion & Superstition (2-)

A
  • Opposition to anaesthetics: interfere w. God’s plan

- Explanation for Diseases: Cholera was miasma

33
Q

C19th: Role of Chance (1+)

A

+ Humphrey Davey: discovery of laughing gas (nitrous oxide)

34
Q

C19th: Role of Government (3+)

A

+ Public Health Acts: 1848,1858,1866,1875
+ Pasteur & Koch: grants to further research
+ Regulation of Medicines: less resistance to germs, only reliable medicines, no fakes

35
Q

C19th: Role of Communication (3+, 1-)

A

+ Steam trains: holidays
+ Railways: easier to transport goods
+ Newspapers: faster distribution of newest medical discoveries
- Newspapers: advertisement of Quackery

36
Q

C19th: Role of Science & Technology (3+)

A

+ Pasteur, Koch, Erlich: bacteriology
+ Development of medicines: vaccines
+ Treatment of Diseases: antiseptics & anaesthetics

37
Q

C19th: Role of the Individual (11+)

A 
\+ Koch- bacteriology 
\+ Pasteur- germ theory
\+ Erlich- chemotherapy
\+ James Simpson- chloroform
\+ Joseph Lister- carbolic acid
\+ Dr Barnardo- Ragged sch.
\+ Chadwick- living & life exp. 
\+ John Snow- cholera cause
\+ Nightingale- nurse training
\+ Aseptic Surgery- Halstead, Moynihan, Chamberland, Neuber
\+ Public Health- William Farr

GCSE History- Health And People (4 decks)

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