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GCSE History- Health And People > Medicine Stands Still: c1100-c1500 > Flashcards

Medicine Stands Still: c1100-c1500 Flashcards

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1
Q

Main killers? (6)

A
  • Famine
  • War
  • Malnourishment
  • Saint Anthony’s disease
  • Childbirth
  • Smallpox, dysentery, typhoid, measles
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2
Q

Theory of the Four Humours:

MAKER, COMPOSITION, FACTORS (3)

A
  • Hippocrates
  • Yellow Bile (Fire), Black Bile (Earth), Phlegm (Water), Blood (Air)
  • Foods & Seasons
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3
Q

Theory of the Opposites:

MAKER, COMPOSITION (5)

A
  • Galen
  • Yellow Bile & Blood ‘hot’
  • Phlegm & Black Bile ‘cold’
  • Blood & Phlegm ‘wet’
  • Yellow Bile & Black Bile ‘dry’
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4
Q

Influence of Arab Medicine (2)

A
  • Arab medicine more advanced

- Loss of medical knowledge after Roman Empire fell

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5
Q

Arab Medicine: Avincenna (2)

A

Philosopher and physician

Wrote number of texts

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6
Q

Arab Medicine: Rhazes (2)

A

Doctor

Wrote first description of smallpox symptoms

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7
Q

Arab Medicine: Hospitals (2)

A

Educational, lecture rooms, pharmacies, practical training

Cleanliness encouraged

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8
Q

Influence of Hippocrates (4)

A
  • Theory of 4 Humours
  • First to regard body as whole
  • Balanced diet & rest for recovery
  • Hippocratic oath
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9
Q

Influence of Galen (3)

A
  • Practiced dissection on animals to better understand human body
  • Importance of listening to pulse
  • Theory of Opposites
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10
Q

Believed Causes of Disease: GOD (2)

A
  •  Sinful life = difficult illness

- Doctrine of Signatures: God created diseases and also related herbs to cure them

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11
Q

Believed Causes of Disease: MIASMA (2)

A
  • Link between bad air and disease

- Morality higher in cities

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12
Q

Believed Causes of Disease: EVERYDAY LIFE (3)

A
  • Early death was inevitable
  • 30% children died before 7
  • Warfare and Famine frequent
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13
Q

Believed Causes of Disease: SUPERNATURAL (2)

A
  • Explain unexpected happenings

- Witchcraft popular scapegoat

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14
Q

Believed Causes of Disease: FOUR HUMOURS (2)

A
  • Disease meant 4 humours were out of balance

- Charts to show what humour caused illness & zodiac chart showing best treatment/ operation/ herb picking times

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15
Q

Treatment: BARBER SURGEONS (4)

A
  • Minor operations & amputations
  • Apprenticeship
  • In towns and cities
  • Clinical observation (wee)
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16
Q

Treatment: APOTHECARY (4)

A
  • More accessible
  • Sell medicine, herbs, spices
  • Apprenticeship for 7 years
  • ‘Simples’ and ‘Compounds’
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17
Q

Treatment: WISE WOMEN (6)

A
  • Wisdom handed down through family
  • Reasonably priced
  • Also act as midwives
  • Pay for services through barters
  • Ran risk of being accused of being a witch
18
Q

Cupping/ Leeching (3)

A
  • Restore balance to 4 humours
  • 20/30 leeches used
  • Still used today
19
Q

Diagnosing Illness: URINE (2)

A
  • colour and compare to chart

- smell and taste to determine illness

20
Q

Diagnosing Illness: ZODIAC CHART (2)

A
  • Tell which body parts linked to which astrological sign

- Dictate what to do, best time and when to pick herbs

21
Q

John Aderne: FACTORS (3)

A

War- Battle of Crecy 1346
Science- trust judgement, bedside manner, methods very modern
Chance- developed his own painkilling ointment

22
Q

John Aderne: GENERAL (3)

A
  • Treated poor for free
  • Advocated bedside manner, dressing sombrely, talking calmly and considerately
  • Book- ‘Practice of Surgery’ 1350
23
Q

Medieval- Role of the Church: HELPING (2)

A
  • developing hospitals

- university school of medicine

24
Q

Medieval- Role of Church: HINDERING (3)

A
  • hospitals refused very ill and women
  • schools used Hippocrates and Galen
  • in way of dissecting humans
25
Q

Medieval- Role of War (2)

A
  • cauterisation replaced with wine as antiseptic or pain-relieving ointments (opium)
  • army surgeons: manuals, new tools, amputations
26
Q

Medieval- Role of Science (4)

A
  • Robert Grosseteste- optics for spectacles
  • Roger Bacon- advocate of scientific method and observation
  • Galen- dissection of animals, patient’s pulse
  • Microscope- 1590s in Netherlands
27
Q

Medieval Hospitals: PEOPLE ADMITTED

A
  • not lepers, lunatics, contagious, pregnant women, babies and toddlers
28
Q

Medieval Hospitals: FOR PREGNANT AND ‘SILLY’ (2)

A
  • 1123: St Bartholomew’s- poor, pregnant women

- 1247: St Mary of Bethlehem- poor and ‘silly’

29
Q

Medieval Hospitals: TREATMENTS (2)

A

1) Prayer- mass every mornings, occupants confess sins and prep to meet God
2) Herbal Remedies- nuns and monks had knowledge of herbs if attached to monastery

30
Q

Medieval Public Health: CONDITIONS (5)

A
  • no cleaning for streets
  • drinking water near cesspits
  • no ‘zoning’ of industrial
  • shops sell gone off goods
  • sewage
31
Q

Medieval Public Health: EXCEPTIONS

A

Coventry: by 1421 had waste collections, clean streets, latrines over river removed

32
Q

Medieval Public Health: BATH-HOUSES (2)

A
  • Pay to have a bath

- Also used combs, tweezers, toothpicks and mouthwash

33
Q

Black Death 1348: WHAT WAS IT?

A 
Bubonic and Pneumonic
Bubonic- spread by fleas
               - buboes 
               - vomiting blood
Pneumonic- spread by air
                    - fever & coughing
34
Q

Black Death 1348: CAUSES (2)

A

Believed at time: position of stars, miasma, poisoning of wells by Jews, God
Actual causes: bubonic plague by bacteria in fleas

35
Q

Black Death 1348: DEALING (3)

A
  • some drank mercury
  • some fled to escape towns
  • most avoided contact with others
  • local councils tried to quarantine
36
Q

Black Death 1348: CONSEQUENCES (5)

A
  • Society: one third dead between 1348 and 1350
  • Economy: food wasted, animals escaped
  • Food: shortages, sheep farming so less bread so higher prices
  • Wages: demanded higher wages
  • Statute of Labourers
37
Q

Medieval- Role of Government (2)

A
  • Mayors of towns made laws to implement cleaning streets

- Monarchy doesn’t care what happens to citizens

38
Q

Medieval- Role of Chance

A

John Aderne: experimented to create own pain- relieving ointment

39
Q

Medieval- Role of Communication

A

Translated works from Arabic to English and vice versa

40
Q

Medieval- Role Of Individual (6)

A
  • John Aderne
  • Hippocrates
  • Galen
  • Avicenna/ Rhazes
  • Roger Bacon
  • Robert Grosseteste

GCSE History- Health And People (4 decks)

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