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GCSE History- Health And People > Modern Medicine: c1900-c2000 > Flashcards

Modern Medicine: c1900-c2000 Flashcards

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1
Q

Context: CLASS SYSTEM (2)

A
  • 3 Classes, unbalance of power

- 1980s still underclass relying on state for benefits

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2
Q

Modern Treatment: ALEXANDER FLEMING: Before and During WW2

A

1928: returned to find mild in petri dish with staphylococci dead around mold
1929: published work
1940: Florey & Chain saw and tested on rats then humans
1943: incentive to mass produce

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3
Q

Modern Treatment: ALEXANDER FLEMING: After WW2 (2)

A
  • Used to cure bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, syphilis, boils etc
  • Florey, Chain, Fleming Nobel Prize for Medicine 1945
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4
Q

Modern Treatment: ALEXANDER FLEMING: Significance (2)

A 
Short term: other illnesses prevented 
Long term: other antibiotics 
                  : new vaccines
                  : tranquillisers 
                  : birth control pill
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5
Q

Age of Pills: THALIDOMIDE DISASTER (3)

A
  • Mild sleeping pill safe for pregnant women 1950s
  • 1962 before link made and company compensated vics.
  • Positive outcome: led to stricter testing and approval process for new drugs
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6
Q

Age of Pills: COMING TO AN END (3)

A
  • More and more bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
  • Antibiotics can’t kill superbugs eg. MRSA
  • Reform hospitals to be more ‘Victorian’ to fight superbugs
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7
Q

Age of Pills: ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS (3)

A
  • Holistic: based on traditional treatments
  • Not all agree: British Medical Association- ‘witchcraft’
  • Chief Scientific Advisor- ‘nonsense’
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8
Q

War & Tech on Surgery: TECHNOLOGICAL STRIDES (4)

A
  • Mobile X-Ray Units
  • Blood Transfusions
  • Leg Splints
  • Convalescent Wards
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9
Q

War & Tech on Surgery: SHELL SHOCK STATISTICS (2)

A
  • 1914-18: 80,000 with symptoms

- 306 commonwealth soldiers executed

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10
Q

War & Tech on Surgery: SHELL SHOCK TREATMENT (3)

A
  • Talking Cure: William Rivers
  • Treated mental illness
  • Occupational therapy
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11
Q

War & Tech on Surgery: SKIN GRAFTS (3)

A
  • Harold Gillies first plastic surgeon
    1917: hospital to reconstruct facial wounds
  • 750,000 men treated by Gillies
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12
Q

War & Tech on Surgery: X-RAY TECHNOLOGY (3)

A
  • 1895: Wilhelm Roentgen by accident- refused to patent it
  • Edison: images on glass
  • 1918: x-ray film
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13
Q

Tech on Surgery: BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS: (1901, 1914, 1915, 1921, 1939, 1940)

A

1901: Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types
1914: first anticoagulants
1915: first ‘blood banks’
1921: British Red Cross set up voluntary blood donation scheme
1939: Army blood supply depot in Bristol
1940: plasma blood

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14
Q

WW2 & Beyond: SIR ARCHIBALD McINDOE (3)

A
  • work on burns included pilots
  • improved Gillies technique for skin grafting
  • spent time helping patients reintegrating into society
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15
Q

WW2 & Beyond: SIR HAROLD RIDLEY (2)

A
  • continued improvements to blood transfusions

- cataract surgery: Perspex splinters not always rejected by eye

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16
Q

WW2 & Beyond: PREVENTATIVE MEASURES (4)

A
  • mepacrine: anti-malaria
  • rationing: balanced diet
  • gas masks: chemical warfare
  • deep shelters: bombings
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17
Q

WW2 & Beyond: FUTURE WARS

A
  • Mobile Army Surgical Hospital units

Korea/ Iraq/ Afghanistan: surgeons as near as battle as possible: reduce time between injury & treatment

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18
Q

Types of Surgeries: RADIATION THERAPY (1)

A

C20th

- Treat cancerous cells

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19
Q

Types of Surgeries: KIDNEY TRANSPLANT (Date)

A

1952

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20
Q

Types of Surgeries: FIRST HEART PACEMAKER (Date)

A

1961

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21
Q

Types of Surgeries: FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT (Date)

A

1967

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22
Q

Types of Surgeries: HIP REPLACEMENT (Date)

A

1972

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23
Q

Types of Surgeries: FIRST TEST TUBE BABY: (2)

A

1978

- Louise Brown

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24
Q

Technology’s Role: IMAGING TECHNOLOGY (2)

A
  • Earlier clearer diagnosis of illness

- Improves chances of recovery

25
Q

Technology’s Role: NON-INVASIVE SURGERY (2)

A
  • Without cutting open the body

- No ethics concerns

26
Q

Technology’s Role: KEY HOLE SURGERY (1)

A
  • Reduces invasiveness of operating
27
Q

Technology’s Role: LASER TREATMENT (2)

A
  • Less invasive damage

- Takes fraction of the time

28
Q

Technology’s Role: ROBOTICS OPERATING SYSTEMS (1)

A
  • Liscenced to USA
29
Q

Technology’s Role: LEAGUE TABLES (2)

A
  • Mortality rates carefully monitored for hospitals and surgeons
  • Patients are able to chose ‘best’ place for treatment
30
Q

Increased Demand: TECHNOLOGY (3)

A
  • CAT scans,
  • MRIs,
  • Endoscopies.
31
Q

Increased Demand: DNA DISCOVERY (3)

A
  • Human genome project
  • Led to better understanding of how the body works
  • Better knowledge of how to fix it when it malfunctions
32
Q

Increased Demand: NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE (3)

A
  • Created demand and sense of entitlement
  • Some drugs are expensive so some claim services are rationed
  • Waiting lists for most ops
33
Q

Too much interference? (4)

A
  • Test tube baby: ‘designer babies’
  • Illegal trading of organs
  • Nazis: sterilisation of ‘inferior’ race
  • Cloning: ‘designer babies’
34
Q

Modern Public Health: IDENTIFYING PROBLEM

A

Many recruits to war not fit to fight- investigation to living conditions

35
Q

Modern Public Health: IDENTIFYING PROBLEM: Charles Booth (2)

A
  • 1889: 35% living in abject poverty in London

- Originally designed to prove 25% pop living in poverty was too high

36
Q

Modern Public Health: IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM: Seebohm Rowntree (2)

A
  • 1897-98: did same as Booth in York: nearly half W.C lived in poverty
  • Invented phrase ‘poverty line
37
Q

Modern Public Health: IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM: Maud Pember Reeves (2)

A
  • Studied struggles of living on £1 average wage a week

- Proved women went without food so man and children could eat

38
Q

Modern Public Health: LEGISLATION 1906-14: Education Act

A

1906

- Introduced free school meals

39
Q

Modern Public Health: LEGISLATION 1906-14: Old Age Pension Act

A

1908

- Over 70s received 5 shillings a week

40
Q

Modern Public Health: LEGISLATION 1906-14: Housing & Town Planning Act

A

1909

- Made it illegal to build back to back housing

41
Q

Modern Public Health: LEGISLATION 1906-14: National Insurance Act

A

1911

- Sick & unemployment pay introduced

42
Q

Modern Public Health: LEGISLATION 1906-14: Problems (2)

A

1908: average death age 50 and over 70s received pension

1911- only applied if you paid regular contributions but a cause was irregular employment

43
Q

Modern Public Health: WELFARE STATE: Beveridge Report (3)

A

1942

  • Set out proposals for end of war
  • Clement Attlee agreed to implement them
  • Fight ‘Giant Evils’
44
Q

Modern Public Health: WELFARE STATE: Beveridge Report Reforms (2)

A
  • NHS: all medical professions under 1 umbrella organisation

- Benefits system: 1911 based on contributions

45
Q

Modern Public Health: WELFARE STATE: Opposition (2)

A
  • Churchill

- 10% doctors in favour

46
Q

Modern Public Health: WELFARE STATE: Demand (2)

A

1950: budget under pressure
1952: charges for prescriptions (1 shilling), dental treatment (£1) & glasses

47
Q

Modern Public Health: CLEAN AIR

A
  • Dec 1952: ‘killer smog’ engulfed London & killed 12000

- 1956/68: Clean Air Act: coal to electricity

48
Q

Modern Public Health: NEW TOWNS (3)

A
  • Milton Keynes/Telford: industrial and housing segregation
  • Housing meant to be attractive, spacious
  • 2014: 2.7mill people lived in new towns/cities
49
Q

Modern Public Health: TOWER BLOCKS (2)

A

1960s: slum clearance with massive expansion of council built housing
- unfit housing replaced with tower blocks

50
Q

Modern Public Health: HEALTHCARE: Killer Diseases (4)

A

Cancer
Heart disease
Dementia
Alzheimer’s

51
Q

Modern Public Health: HEALTHCARE: Prevention or Cure? (2)

A
  • Govt. put more money into education: too much interference?
  • Better to spend money on prevention than curing
52
Q

Modern Public Health: HEALTHCARE: Development of New Drugs (3)

A
  • Innovation Fund: helps scientists develop new products
  • Government policy: refuse high prices, save money, cause shortages
  • Postcode lottery: some places can afford dugs while others can’t
53
Q

Modern: Role of War (3+)

A

+ Boer War: deaths from diseases more than deaths from injuries
+ WW1: Shell shock treatment etc
+ WW2: Penicillin

54
Q

Modern: Role of Religion (2-)

A
  • AIDS: Church against homosexuals

- Opposition to advancements in medical technology

55
Q

Modern: Role of Chance (1+)

A

+ Fleming: Penicillin, left gap in Petri dish

56
Q

Modern: Role of Government (3+ 1-)

A

+ Liberal reforms: 1906,1908, 1911
+ Welfare State: Beveridge report
+ Public Health Acts: after WW2
- Drug shortages

57
Q

Modern: Role of Communication (2+)

A

+ Penicillin Development: America & Britain to mass produce

+ Penicillin Development: Florey & Chain

58
Q

Modern: Role of Science & Technology (2+)

A

+ Penicillin: Florey & Chain experiment on mice then humans

+ Surgery: X-Rays, Splint, Blood Transfusions

59
Q

Modern: Role of the Individual (8+)

A 
\+ Fleming- Penicillin
\+ Florey & Chain: larger assembly of penicillin
\+ Charles Booth: Social study
\+ Rowntree: Social study
\+ Maud Reeves: Social study
\+ Harold Gillies: Plastic Surgery
\+ Karl Landsteiner: blood transfusions (blood types)
\+ Watson & Crick: DNA structure

GCSE History- Health And People (4 decks)

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