The Beginnings

Question 1

Scientific Method

Answer 1

Ask Questions (Curiosity)
Hypothesis
Test the hypothesis (Empirical Evidence=based on observations, xp, experiment)
Draw conclusions (Using evidence)
Report results

Question 2

Experimental Method

Answer 2

Procedure carried out to support/refute hypothesis, or determine efficacy/likelihood of something previously untried
Independent/dependent variables

Question 3

Correlation/Causation

Answer 3

Correlation=Exists between 2 variables if 1 variable more likely to occur when other does
Correlation no causation

Question 4

Nature/Nurture

Answer 4

Nature=Genes people inherit
Nurture=Environmental influences (Mother’s nutrition while pregnant to cultural influences, etc.)

Question 5

Plasticity

Answer 5

Abilities, personality, other human characteristics can change over time.

Question 6

Major Theorists

Answer 6

Erik Erikson (Emotional development, psychodynamic)
Jean Piaget (Cognitive development)
Lawrence Kohlberg (Moral development)
Lev Vygotsky (Sociocultural theory)
Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual stages)
B.F. Skinner (Operant conditioning, reinforcement)

Question 7

Psychoanalytic

Answer 7

Freud’s theory of stages of development, each emphasizes sexual nature of the child.
Irrational, unconscious drives/motives, often originating in childhood erotic impulses, underlie human behavior

Question 8

Psychosocial

Answer 8

Erikson’s theory of the stages of development, emphasizing interaction between psychic needs of the individual and the surrounding social network of family and community

Question 9

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

Learning process where particular action followed by something desired or unwanted

Question 10

Behaviorism

Answer 10

Grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior

Question 11

Social Learning Theory

Answer 11

Extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. Every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people

Question 12

Cognitive Developmental

Answer 12

Field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on child’s development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, other aspects of the developed adult brain, and cognitive psychology

Question 13

Sociocultural (ZPD)

Answer 13

Theory that holds that development results from dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces
(Learner’s ability to successfully complete tasks with assistance of more capable other people)

Question 14

Information Processing

Answer 14

Perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

Question 15

Ecological Theory/Evolutionary theory

Answer 15

Overall trophic efficiency and number of trophic levels in food webs related to ecosystem production
Idea that many current human emotions and impulses are a legacy from thousands of years

Question 16

Chromosomes

Answer 16

46 molecules of DNA (23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that contain all genes together.

Question 17

Genes

Answer 17

Small section of chromosome; basic unit for transmission of heredity
Consists of string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins

Question 18

Genetic Inheritance

Answer 18

A trait or variants encoded in DNA and passed from parent to offspring during reproduction

Question 19

Genotype/Phenotype

Answer 19

Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential (Inside)
Observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

Question 20

Epigenetic Principle

Answer 20

Study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression-enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering expression of genes
Events/circumstances surrounding genes determine whether genes expressed/silenced

Question 21

Prenatal Stages

Answer 21

Germinal (First two weeks)
Embryonic (Third through eighth week)
Fetal (Eight week until birth)

Question 22

Pregnancy and it’s timeline

Answer 22

First trimester (1-13 weeks)
Second trimester (14-26 weeks)
Third trimester (27-40)

Question 23

Critical and sensitive periods

Answer 23

Major defects of body and internal organs more likely to occur between 3-12 weeks

Question 24

Birth

Answer 24

38 weeks after conception
Birth occurs after 2 hours of active labor for first births and 7 hours for subsequent ones
Newborn health often measured by Apgar scale
May need Cesarean sections (c-sections)