The Beginning Of Phonological Development

Question 1

Ways language can differ (4)

Answer 1

Speech sounds
Rhythm
Sound sequences allowed (phonotactics)
Syllable structure

Question 2

Speech production is analyzed by

Answer 2

Recording sound
X-rays of larynx
Filming

Question 3

Speech perception is analyzed by

Answer 3

Sucking experiments (HAS)
Head turning
Brain imaging

Question 4

Infant speech perception

Answer 4

Sound rate (heart beat soothing)
Frequency (some discrimination)
Intensity (reaction differences)
Eyes directed toward sound

Question 5

Neonates

Answer 5

Prefer speech over non speech
Preference native language
Prefer mother’s voice
Prefer stories and songs heard prenatally
Discriminate consonant sounds

Question 6

How to test infant’s abilities

Answer 6

Head turn
Event-related potentials

Question 7

HAS

Answer 7

High amplitude sucking
Technique tu measure perceptual abilities
1 month discrimination between 2 synthetic speech sounds with initial consonant b and p

Question 8

Why use HAS

Answer 8

babies
Like to hear sounds
Lose interest when sound presented repeatedly
Regain interest when new sound presented
HAS most reliable from 1 to 4 months

Question 9

Categorical perception (for HAS ) for speech sounds is

Answer 9

Built in ability to make certain distinctions
Evidence for innateness

Question 10

Perceptual reorganization is

Answer 10

Between 6 and 12 months
Decline in perception of phonemic contrasts not used in environment

Question 11

VOT is

Answer 11

Voice onset time
Point at which vocal cord vibration begins
Ex: ba and pa 20 and 40 msecs (2 diff sounds detected)

Question 12

Categorical perception (for VOT) is

Answer 12

Supporting uniqueness of language
Perceptual mechanism to support language ability

Question 13

Categorical perception (counter evidence for VOT)

Answer 13

Some non speech sounds perceived categorically
Some mammals show phoneme boundary effect for b, p and d, t (chinchillas)

Question 14

Summary of speech perception

Answer 14

Requires attending to new contrasts, ignoring others

Question 15

Summary of categorical perception

Answer 15

Speech sounds are qualitatively different from other sounds

Question 16

General stages in phonological development

Answer 16

Stage one, reflexive vocalizations (—2 months)
Stage two, cooing and laughter (2-4 months)
Stage three, vocal play (4-6 months)
Stage four, canonical babbling (CV sequence, 6 months +)
Stage five, jargon stage ( 10 months +)

Question 17

Processes underlying speech sound development

Answer 17

Physical growth:
-vocal tract size and shape (0-3 months, radically different from adult)
-control over vocal apparatus by end of year 1

Brain stem: (basic life functions, control over pre-verbal sounds)
-cooing, limbic system function (emotional center)
-laughter, further limbic development

More context maturation:
-liked to dev of babbling

Question 18

Babbling

Answer 18

Syllable-like sounds “verbal work out” tendencies towards stops nasals and glides before fricatives africaines and liquids
-4-6 months: marginal babbling
-6-8 months: vocal play
-8-12 months: jargon or conversational babbling

Manual babbling (deaf children)
-distinctive rhythm
-occurs in signing space

Question 19

Protowords

Answer 19

Functions as words
Not necessarily based on adult word
May appear before real word

Question 20

Trends in phoneme acquisition order

Answer 20

Vs before Cs
Stops before all other
Labials first
Interdentals last

Question 21

Syllable structure processes. (2)

Answer 21

Reduplication (Wawa for water)
Epenthesis, v insertion (bered for bread)