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Oncology > The Basics > Flashcards

The Basics Flashcards

1
Q

List at least the top 4 (out of 10) most common cancers in men (from England 2012 new patients National Statistics)

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
  4. Bladder
  5. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
  6. Melanoma of the skin
  7. Oesophageal
  8. Renal
  9. Lip, oral cavity and pharyngeal
  10. Leukaemia
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2
Q

List the at least the top 4 (out of 10) most common cancers in women (from England 2012 new patients National Statistics)

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
  4. Uterine
  5. Ovarian
  6. Melanoma
  7. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
  8. Pancreatic
  9. Leukaemia
  10. Renal
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3
Q

Define ‘Adjuvant’

A

A treatment given after a definitive treatment with an aim to increase the chance of cure.

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4
Q

What is the name for treatment when 2 or more therapies are given simultaneously?

A

Concurrent therapy

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5
Q

What is ‘Patient Performance Status’?

A

A standardised way to express a patient’s fitness.

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6
Q

Why is it important to consider a Patients’ Performance Status?

A

This will help to predict survival and help predict the ability to tolerate therapies. It may also guide decisions such as which therapies will be most appropriate.

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7
Q

According to the ECOG scale, what does the following score get defined as; 0?

A

Fully active, able to carry out all pre-disease performance without restriction

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8
Q

According to the ECOG scale, what does the following score get defined as; 1?

A

Restricted in physically strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to carry out light work

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9
Q

According to the ECOG scale, what does the following score get defined as; 2?

A

Ambulatory and capable of self-care but unable to carry out any work activities. Up and about >50% of waking hours.

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10
Q

According to the ECOG scale, what does the following score get defined as; 3?

A

Capable of only limited self-care. Confined to bed/chair >50% of waking hours.

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11
Q

According to the ECOG scale, what does the following score get defined as; 4?

A

Completely disabled and confined to bed/chair. No self-care.

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12
Q

According to the ECOG scale, what does the following score get defined as; 5?

A

Deceased

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13
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled division of unhealthy cells that can spread around the body.

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14
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

In plain terms, it is targeted X-Ray treatment

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15
Q

What happens to cancer cells when they are blasted with ionising radiation?

A

Ionising radiation causes damage to double stranded DNA which causes cell lysis and death

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16
Q

Why is radiotherapy split in its delivery?

A

This allows the normal cells that are hit with the radiation to recover as they recover more fully than the cancer cells

17
Q

What is 1 session of radiotherapy called?

A

A fraction

18
Q

What is the range of fractions of radiotherapy that can be given to patients with cancer?

A

Between 1 and 33 fractions

19
Q

How often is radiotherapy given?

A

Once every day, except weekends usually

20
Q

How long does each fraction of radiotherapy take?

A

15-30 minutes

21
Q

When a patient is receiving radiotherapy as a palliative treatment, how many fractions are usually given?

A

1-10

22
Q

When a patient is receiving radical radio treatment, how many fractions are commonly given?

A

10-33

23
Q

What is of vital importance in patients receiving radiotherapy?

A

Positioning of the patient is crucial

24
Q

What methods do we have for mobilisation of the patient to ensure accurate positioning?

A
  1. Immobilisation shells
  2. Breast/lung boards
  3. Radiotherapy tattoos
  4. Lasers
25
Q

What are the early side effects of radiotherapy due to?

A

Localised inflammation of the tissues targeted by the radiotherapy

26
Q

What are the late side effects of radiotherapy due to?

A

Tissue healing and scarring

27
Q

What are the early side effects of radiotherapy?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Pain
  3. Inflammation (-itis)
  4. Skin reaction
  5. Nausea
  6. Raised intracranial pressure
  7. Hair loss
  8. Diarrhoea
28
Q

What are the late side effects of radiotherapy?

A
  1. Fibrosis
  2. Strictures
  3. Osteonecrosis
  4. Rib fractures
  5. A secondary malignancy
29
Q

Which cancers commonly have a radical radiotherapy approach?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Cervix
  3. Prostate
  4. Larynx
30
Q

What is important to consider about tumour position in a live human?

A

The position of the tumour will constantly change due to;

  • breathing
  • eating
  • sneezing
  • coughing

Essentially, anything that can cause organ movement will alter the position of the tumour.

31
Q

How long can it take to just plan radiotherapy with radical intnent?

A

2 weeks

32
Q

What is brachytherapy?

A

Internal radiotherapy whereby ‘seeds’ are internally inserted into the tumour that slowly release the radiotherapy from inside to out. This means it is quite localised to the tumour.

33
Q

Which 2 cancers commonly use brachytherapy?

A
  1. Prostate

2. Cervix

34
Q

When is proton treatment useful?

A
  1. In paediatric patients

2. In patients who’s tumour is located in a sensitive structure

35
Q

What are the benefits of proton treatment?

A

Protons are a form of radiotherapy

They have a much smaller exit dose to other tissues, therefore the spread of tissue affected is much less

Oncology (7 decks)

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