The axial skeleton Flashcards
Anatomical planes
Coronal/frontal
Sagittal
Transverse
Coronal/frontal
Orientated vertically divides into
anterior and posterior
(Anterior Posterior axis)
Sagittal
Also vertically orientated but at right angles to the coronal splitting the body into left and right halves
(Transverse or mediolateral axis)
Transverse
Divides the body into superior or
inferior parts
(Longitudinal axis)
Functions of skeleton
Support
Protect
Move
Bone markings
- Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:
> Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,
and tendons
> Joint surfaces
> Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
Bone projections
> Head - bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet - smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle - rounded articular projection
Muscles and ligaments
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Epicondyle
Spine
Tubercule
Openings and depressions
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa
Grove
Fissure
Foramen
How many bones in a body?
206
Types of bones
Short
Long
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
Vertebrae
Children have 33 vertebrae
Adults have 26 vertebrae
Parts of a vertebrae
A body
A vertebral arch
Processes
Structure
Cervical
Supports skull
Small and flatter than other vertebrae
Foramen in transverse process present
Thoracic vertebrae
Formed as part of thoracic cage.
Articulates with associated ribs.
Lumbar vertebrae
Largest and strongest
Spinous process is thickets and broad (short and blunt), projects
posteriorly for attachment
of large back muscles.
No articular facets for ribs
Transverse processes are large and blunt.
Articular facets are curved
Sacrum
5 fused sacral
vertebrae
Sacrum provides
foundation for
pelvic girdle
Articulates with L5
Anterior surface
consists of ridges
marking the joining
of the bodies
Lateral surface is
smooth
Coccyx
Coccyx (Tailbone) is the final
segment of the vertebral
column
Articulates with the sacrum
superiorly.
Made of 3, 4 or 5 bones.
1st segment is the largest and
looks like lowest sacral
vertebra has small transverse
processes.
Anterior is slightly concave
Posterior is slightly convex.
1st rib
The first rib is
unique and easier to
distinguish than
other ribs.
It is a short, flat,
C-shaped bone.
Attaches to the
manubrium
Siding ribs
The costal groove runs along the
underside of each rib and is more
defined posteriorly
If you have the head – the tubercle
if posterior
Sternal end for ribs 8 – 12 will
slant downwards against thumb.
