The axial skeleton

Question 1

Anatomical planes

Answer 1

Coronal/frontal
Sagittal
Transverse

Question 2

Coronal/frontal

Answer 2

Orientated vertically divides into
anterior and posterior
(Anterior Posterior axis)

Question 3

Sagittal

Answer 3

Also vertically orientated but at right angles to the coronal splitting the body into left and right halves
(Transverse or mediolateral axis)

Question 4

Transverse

Answer 4

Divides the body into superior or
inferior parts
(Longitudinal axis)

Question 5

Functions of skeleton

Answer 5

Support
Protect
Move

Question 6

Bone markings

Answer 6

• Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:
  > Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,
  and tendons
  > Joint surfaces
  > Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Question 7

Bone projections

Answer 7

> Head - bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet - smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle - rounded articular projection

Question 8

Muscles and ligaments

Answer 8

Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Epicondyle
Spine
Tubercule

Question 9

Openings and depressions

Answer 9

Meatus
Sinus
Fossa
Grove
Fissure
Foramen

Question 10

How many bones in a body?

Answer 10

206

Question 11

Types of bones

Answer 11

Short
Long
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular

Question 12

Vertebrae

Answer 12

Children have 33 vertebrae
Adults have 26 vertebrae

Question 13

Parts of a vertebrae

Answer 13

A body
A vertebral arch
Processes

Question 14

Structure

Answer 14

Cervical
Supports skull
Small and flatter than other vertebrae
Foramen in transverse process present

Question 15

Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 15

Formed as part of thoracic cage.

Articulates with associated ribs.

Question 16

Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 16

Largest and strongest

Spinous process is thickets and broad (short and blunt), projects
posteriorly for attachment
of large back muscles.

No articular facets for ribs

Transverse processes are large and blunt.

Articular facets are curved

Question 17

Sacrum

Answer 17

5 fused sacral
vertebrae

Sacrum provides
foundation for
pelvic girdle

Articulates with L5

Anterior surface
consists of ridges
marking the joining
of the bodies

Lateral surface is
smooth

Question 18

Coccyx

Answer 18

Coccyx (Tailbone) is the final
segment of the vertebral
column

Articulates with the sacrum
superiorly.

Made of 3, 4 or 5 bones.

1st segment is the largest and
looks like lowest sacral
vertebra has small transverse
processes.

Anterior is slightly concave

Posterior is slightly convex.

Question 19

1st rib

Answer 19

The first rib is
unique and easier to
distinguish than
other ribs.

It is a short, flat,
C-shaped bone.

Attaches to the
manubrium

Question 20

Siding ribs

Answer 20

The costal groove runs along the
underside of each rib and is more
defined posteriorly

If you have the head – the tubercle
if posterior

Sternal end for ribs 8 – 12 will
slant downwards against thumb.