Musculoskeletal structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

Bone as a living tissue

A

Main functions
* Protection
* Support
* Mineral storage
* Red blood cell formation

Grouped into three main types
* Long bones
* Flat bones
* Irregular bones

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2
Q

Internal structure

A

Two types
Cortical bone:
* Dense
* Forms outer surface of all bones

Trabecular bone:
* Less dense
* Honeycomb/sponge-like structure
* Forms interior of bones

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3
Q

Long bones

A

Consist of three regions:
Diaphysis (shaft)
* Thick cortical bone wall
* Hollow medullary cavity

Metaphysis (flared ends)
* Thin cortical bone wall
* Filled with trabecular bone

Epiphysis (sites of articulation)
* Thin cortical bone wall
* Filled with trabecular bone

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4
Q

Flat bones

A

Example, cranial bones and
scapula
* Thin cortical bone surfaces with
trabecular filled middles

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5
Q

Irregular bones

A

Majority of bone is trabecular
* E.g. sacrum
* Thin cortical bone wall

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6
Q

Additional components

A

Periosteum
* Membrane covering the majority of outer surfaces

Endosteum
* Membrane covering internal surfaces, including the trabecular bone

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7
Q

Microscopically two types of bones

A

Woven and Lamellar

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8
Q

Trabecular bone

A

The physical structure of
trabecular bone allows blood
vessels to pass through it close
enough to supply the bone
directly

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9
Q

Cortical bone

A
  • Dense
  • Forms surface of all bones
  • At joints, is covered by cartilage-
    known as subchondral bone
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10
Q

Bone structure

A

All mammalian bone is compositionally the same

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11
Q

Bone formation

A

Three main types of cells involved
* Osteoclasts – resorption
* Osteoblasts – deposition of osteoid
* Osteocytes – maintains the tissue

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12
Q

Ossification

A

Ossification begins around fifth
week of foetal life

Majority of bones have begun
ossification at birth

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13
Q

Types of muscle

A

3 types:
* Cardiac
* Skeletal
* Smooth

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14
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Function:
* Gastrointestinal tract - propulsion of
the food bolus.
* Cardiovascular - regulation of blood
flow and pressure via vascular
resistance.
* Renal - regulation of urine flow.
* Genital - contractions during
pregnancy, propulsion of sperm.
* In some locations, autorhythmic
* Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

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15
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Function- forms wall of the heart
* Autorhythmic
* Controlled involuntarily by
endocrine and autonomic
nervous systems
* Sufficient calcium is important
for normal function

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Responsible for locomotion,
facial expressions, posture,
respiratory movements,
other types of body
movement

Voluntary in movement

17
Q

Types of skeletal muscle

A
  • Circular
  • Convergent
  • Multipennate
  • Parallel
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • The shapes of muscles are
    determined by the way the
    fascicles are aligned
18
Q

Skeletal muscle pairs

A

Agonist: muscle that causes
action when it contracts

Antagonist: muscle working
in opposition to agonist

Synergists: muscles that work
together to cause a
movement

19
Q

Skeletal muscle fibres

A

A muscle fibre is a single cell consisting of a plasma membrane
(sarcolemma), cytoplasm (sarcoplasm), several nuclei, and
myofibrils

20
Q

Cartilage

A

Three types:
* Hyaline
* Fibrocartilage
* Elastic cartilage

21
Q

Tendon

A

Connects muscle to bone

22
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to each other

23
Q

Fibrous joints

A

*Classed as a synarthrosis (non-moveable) joint
*Little to no movement
* Dense fibrous tissue
* Cranial sutures

24
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Mostly amphiarthrosis joints
  • Allow little movement
  • Bones articulate with only cartilage between
25
Synovial joints
Greatest degree of movement: Uniaxial Biaxil Multiaxil Types of movement: Gliding Angular Circular
26
Synovial joint structure
*Synovial cavity contains synovial fluid – hyaluronan, lubricin, interstitial fluid * Joint capsule secretes and holds in fluid * Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers ends of articulating bones * Synovial bursa protects joint
27
Plane joints
Uniaxial - some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures e.g. intervertebral, intercarpal * Sliding
28
Saddle joints
Biaxial e.g. thumb, sternoclavicular * Rocking
29
Hinge joints
Uniaxial Convex cylinder in one bone; corresponding concavity in other e.g. elbow, ankle, interphalangeal * Swinging with limit
30
Pivot joints
Uniaxial. Rotation around single axis. Cylindrical bony process rotating within circle of bone and ligament e.g. proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar
31
Ball-and-socket joints
Multiaxial e.g. shoulder, hip joints * Rotation of ball/head
32
Ellipsoid joints
Modified ball-and-socket; ellipsoid articular surfaces Biaxial e.g. atlantooccipital * Tilt back and forth