The Autonomic Nervous System:

Question 1

The somatic nervous system stimulates _____, whereas the ANS innervates _____.

Answer 1

skeletal muscles
cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

Question 2

preganglionic neuron reside in …

Answer 2

brainstem or spinal cord

Question 3

Where is the cell body of postganglionic neurons?

Answer 3

autonomic ganglion outside the CNS

Question 4

Differ between pre and post ganglionic axons

Answer 4

Preganglionic axons are thin, lightly myelinated fibers, and postganglionic axons are even thinner and nonmyelinated.

Question 5

All somatic motor neurons release ____ at their synapses with skeletal muscle fibers. The effect is always ____.

Answer 5

acetylcholine (ACh)
excitatory

Question 6

all autonomic preganglionic fibers release

Answer 6

ACh

Question 7

autonomic postganglionic fibers release two neurotransmitters:

Answer 7

• norepinephrine (NE) secreted by most sympathetic fibers,
• ACh secreted by parasympathetic fibers.

Question 8

The ANS has two arms, parasympathetic and sympathetic:
describe them.

Answer 8

• The parasympathetic division promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy
• The sympathetic division mobilizes the body during activity

Question 9

Parasympathetic activity:

Answer 9

➢ BP and HR are regulated at low normal levels
➢ Respiratory rates are low
➢ GI tract is actively digesting food
➢ The skin is warm
➢ In the eyes, the pupils are constricted, and the lenses are accommodated for close vision

Question 10

Fight-or-flight is sympathetic or parasympathetic

Answer 10

sympathetic

Question 11

Signs of sympathetic nervous system mobilization:

Answer 11

➢ HR increases
➢Breathing is rapid and deep;
➢ Dry mouth
➢ Skin is cold and sweaty
➢ Pupils dilate
➢ It constricts blood vessels, shunting blood to the muscles and the vigorously working heart
➢ It stimulates the liver to release more glucose into the blood to accommodate the increased energy needs of body cells.
➢ Reduces nonessential activities, such as GI motility
➢ helps w/ far vision

Question 12

The parasympathetic division as the D division:

Answer 12

digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination)

Question 13

The sympathetic division as the E division

Answer 13

exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

Question 14

Sites of origin differences between para and sympa

Answer 14

• Parasympathetic fibers are craniosacral
• sympathetic fibers are thoracolumbar

Question 15

Location of their ganglia differences between para and sympa

Answer 15

Most parasympathetic ganglia are located in or near the visceral effector organs. Sympathetic ganglia lie close to the spinal cord.

Question 16

Relative lengths of their fibers differences between para and sympa

Answer 16

• parasympathetic division has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
• sympathetic division preganglionic fibers are short, and the postganglionic fibers are long

Question 17

The preganglionic axons extend from the CNS and synapse with postganglionic neurons located in …

Answer 17

terminal ganglia

Question 18

Preganglionic fibers run in which cranial nerves

Answer 18

Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

Question 19

The cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons of oculomotor nerves are in the ____

Answer 19

ciliary ganglia within the eye orbits

Question 20

Pterygopalatine ganglia is located

Answer 20

posterior to the maxillae.

Question 21

The preganglionic neurons that stimulate the ____ and _____ originate in the pons

Answer 21

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Question 22

Sacral Part of Parasympathetic Division serve what

Answer 22

the pelvic organs and the distal half of the large intestine

Question 23

the sympathetic nervous system supplies the ____ in the internal body cavities

Answer 23

the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 24

After leaving the cord via the ventral root, preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through a ___ to enter an adjoining ___ forming part of the ____.

Answer 24

a white ramus communicans to enter an adjoining sympathetic trunk ganglion forming part of the sympathetic trunk.

Question 25

Cholinergic fibers release what?

Answer 25

Ach

• include (1) all ANS preganglionic axons and (2) all parasympathetic postganglionic axons at synapses with their effectors.

Question 26

Adrenergic fibers release what

Answer 26

NE

• include the majority of sympathetic postganglionic axons. An exception is sympathetic postganglionic fibers that secrete ACh onto sweat glands.

Question 27

Two types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 27

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 28

Nicotinic receptors include

Answer 28

• All postganglionic neurons (cell bodies and dendrites), both sympathetic and parasympathetic
• cells of the adrenal medulla
• The sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions

Question 29

When ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, the effect is always

Answer 29

stimulatory, and directly opens ion channels, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell.

Question 30

When ACh binds to muscarinic receptors the effect is

Answer 30

inhibitory or stimulatory

Question 31

two major classes of adrenergic (NE-binding) receptors

Answer 31

alpha and beta

Question 32

NE binding to the β1 receptors of cardiac muscle prods the heart into

Answer 32

more vigorous activity

Question 33

Epinephrine binding to β2 receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle causes it to…

Answer 33

it to relax, dilating the bronchiole

Question 34

ANS is regulated by CNS controls in the

Answer 34

spinal cord, brain stem, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex.