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Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1106) > Anatomy of the Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the body focus on the CNS?

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
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2
Q

Which parts of the body focus on the PNS?

A

cranial & spinal nerves- communication between CNS & all parts of body

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3
Q

What are the motor divisions of the nervous system? How are they differentiated?

A

Somatic ns: voluntary; from CNS to skeletal muscle
Autonomic ns: involuntary; (visceral motor); from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
Sympathetic division: “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic division: conserve energy at rest

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4
Q

What is a neuroglia? Provide examples

A

supporting cells - small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons
§ Astrocytes (CNS)
§ Microglial cells (CNS)
§ Ependymal cells (CNS)
§ Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
§ Satellite cells (PNS)
§ Schwann cells (PNS)

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5
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of astrocytes?

A

star-shaped, most abundant; anchor neurons close to capillaries
- nutrient exchange, guide migration of young neurons, clean up environment (excess NT, K+ ions), even shown to release NT!

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6
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of microglia?

A

protective; touch neurons to monitor well-being; can transform into macrophages to engulf micro-organisms and/or cellular debris

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7
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of ependymal cells?

A

line cavities of brain & spinal cord
- Form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

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8
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of oligodendrocytes?

A

“few branches”

  • they have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibres
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9
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of satellite cells?

A

§ surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia – thought to do many of the same things that astrocytes do in the CNS

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10
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of schwann cells?

A

form myelin sheaths around larger neurons in PNS; vital to peripheral nerve cell regeneration

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11
Q

What are special characteristics of neurons?

A

§ Extreme longevity (lasts a person’s lifetime); amitotic, with few exceptions
§ High metabolic rate: requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose

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12
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

according to the # of processes extending from the body

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13
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of sensory neurons?

A

carry impulses toward CNS; primary, secondary and tertiary
o Except for bipolar neurons in some special organs; almost all primary sensory neurons are unipolar
o Higher order sensory neurons are all multipolar and reside entirely in the CNS

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14
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of motor neurons

A

carry impulses away from CNS to effectors
o Multipolar with most cell bodies in CNS (except some autonomic neurons)

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15
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of interneurons (Association neurons)?

A

between motor and sensory neurons
o integration of info; multipolar; most entirely within CNS; 99% of neurons of the body

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16
Q

What are the subdivisions of the CNS?

A

§ Cerebral hemispheres
§ Diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
§ Brain stem
- midbrain
- Pons
- medulla
§ Cerebellum

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17
Q

The Ventricles of the Brain are filled and lined with what?

A

continuous with one another and with central cavity of spinal cord / filled with CSF & lined by ependymal cells

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18
Q

Paired lateral ventricles separated by narrow ___ ___

A

septum pellucidum

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19
Q

Each ventricle communicates with narrow ____ in diencephalon via ___ ___

A

3rd ventricle; interventricular foramen

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20
Q

3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle (dorsal to pons) via ___ ___

A

cerebral aqueduct

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21
Q

What are the 3 apertures of the ventricles of the brain?

A
  • paired (1)lateral apertures & (2)median aperture that connect ventricles to (3)subarachnoid space (surrounds brain)
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22
Q

The ___ (ridges) is separated by ___ (shallow groves), & ___ (deep grooves)

A

gyri; sulci; fissures

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of fissures?

A

o Longitudinal fissure
o Transverse cerebral fissure

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24
Q

What are the Lobes of The Cerebral Hemispheres

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insular

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25
Q

Each hemisphere has which 3 basic regions

A
  • Cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially
  • White matter internally
  • Basal nuclei deep within white matter
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26
Q

What is the function of the Cerebral Cortex

A

allows us to perceive, communicate, remember, understand, appreciate, initiate voluntary movements – conscious behaviour

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27
Q

What are brodmann areas?

A

numbered according to subtle differences in thickness, structure of contained neurons; some areas link with particular functions; other functions (memory & language) have overlapping domains; more diffusely organized

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28
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

§ Motor
§ Sensory
§ Association

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29
Q

Describe the Primary motor cortex

A

= precentral gyrus of frontal lobe of each hemisphere

  • pyramidal cells allow control of skeletal muscles; axons project to spinal cord as pyramidal/corticospinal tracts
  • entire body represented spatially in primary motor cortex of each hemisphere (called somatotopy)
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30
Q

Describe the Premotor cortex

A
  • anterior to precentral gyrus
  • helps plan movements by selecting and sequencing basic motor movements into more complex tasks (e.g. playing a musical instrument, keyboarding)
  • coordinates movement of several muscle groups simultaneously/sequentially by activating motor cortex
  • can control voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
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31
Q

Describe broca’s area?

A
  • overlaps Brodmann areas 44 & 45
  • Present in one hemisphere (usually the left)
  • Motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production
  • originally thought to be only a motor speech area
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32
Q

Describe the frontal eye field.

A

Brodmann area 8;
* controls voluntary movements of the eyes

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33
Q

What are the Sensory Areas of the brain?

A

Occur in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

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34
Q

Describe the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • in postcentral gyri of parietal lobe (Brodmann areas 1-3)
  • receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons
  • capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated
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35
Q

Describe the Somatosensory Association Area

A
  • posterior to Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Brodmann areas 5-7)
  • integrate/analyze somatic inputs (temp, pressure, ..) – interpret wrt size, texture, relationship of parts based on prior experience – think of feeling in your pocket for a particular item
36
Q

___ ___ ___ surrounds primary visual cortex

A

Visual association area

37
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

the inability to recognize/understand things that you see

38
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and rhythm

39
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area?

A

interpretation based on memory – speech, words, music, thunder, etc.

40
Q

What is the function of the vestibular cortex?

A
  • Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)
  • posterior part of insula & adjacent parietal cortex
  • not visible at surface
  • deep in lateral sulcus
41
Q

What is are the characteristics and the function of the olfactory cortex

A
  • Medial aspect of temporal lobes = uncus
  • small in humans; most of surrounding tissue now forms limbic system (emotions, memory)
  • Involved in conscious awareness of odors
42
Q

What is are the characteristics and the function of the gustatory cortex

A
  • in the insula, just deep to the temporal lobe
  • Involved in perception of taste
43
Q

What are the characteristics and the function of the visceral sensory area?

A
  • Posterior to gustatory cortex
  • Conscious perception of visceral sensations,
    e.g., upset stomach or full bladder
44
Q

What are Multimodal Association Areas

A

any cortical area that is not “primary”
* Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas
* Send outputs to multiple areas
* Broadly divided into three parts:
Anterior association area, Posterior association area & Limbic association area

45
Q

What is the most complicated cortical region and what is it involved with?

A

Prefrontal cortex - involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality (working memory)

46
Q

Which part of the brains development depends on feedback from social environment

A

Prefrontal cortex

47
Q

Tumors or lesions can result in what for the prefrontal cortex?

A

mood swings, loss of attentiveness, inhibitions

48
Q

Which lobes are involved with the posterior association area?

A

temporal, parietal & occipital lobes

49
Q

What is an example of contralateral neglect?

A

localization of self & surroundings in space – e.g. someone with damage to this area may not dress or wash one side of the body

50
Q

Which Multimodal Association Areas receives input from all sensory association areas

A

Posterior association area

51
Q

Describe the limbic association area

A

Provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories (part of limbic system)
e.g. be aware of the danger associated with a particular situation & to remember it

52
Q

What is lateralization

A

division of labor between hemispheres

53
Q

what is cerebral dominance

A

hemisphere that is dominant for language

54
Q

left hemisphere dominant for what in 90% of people

A

language, math, logic
e.g. compose a sentence, add numbers, memorize a list

55
Q

The right hemisphere dominates what

A

dominates for visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills – our creative & insightful side

56
Q

most individuals with left cerebral dominance are ___-handed
most individuals with right cerebral dominance are___-handed or ____

A

right: left; ambidextrous

57
Q

Commissural fibers

A

connect corresponding areas between the 2 hemispheres – largest is corpus callosum

58
Q

Association fibers

A

connections within a hemisphere (connect gyri, lobes)

59
Q

Projection fibers

A

cortex to rest of the nervous system; these ones run vertically

60
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A
  • project to premotor & prefrontal cortices to influence muscle movements directed by primary motor cortex
  • roles in starting, stopping, monitoring intensity of movements executed by cortex, especially if sustained like arm swinging while walking; also inhibit antagonistic and/or unnecessary actions by filtering them out and sending only best response to cortex
  • also associated with cognition and emotions
61
Q

The thalamus - Bilateral nuclei that makes up 80 % of the diencephalon & is connected by commissure called …

A

interthalamic adhesion - means intermediate mass

62
Q

The Diencephalon includes what?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

63
Q

What is the thalamic function?

A

“Gateway” to cerebral cortex
Main thalamic function is to act as relay station for information coming into cortex
Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input such as:

  • Impulses from hypothalamus for regulating emotion and visceral function
  • Impulses from cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct motor cortices
  • Impulses for memory or sensory integration
    Overall, it acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
64
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located

A

Below the thalamus

65
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A
  1. Autonomic control centre: centres for bp, heart, GI, respiration, etc
  2. Centre for emotional response & behavior: heart of limbic system
  3. Body temperature regulation:
  4. Regulation of food intake: hunger, satiety
  5. Regulation of water balance & thirst: release of ADH; thirst centre
  6. Regulation of sleep-awake cycles:
    suprachiasmatic nucleus
  7. Control of endocrine system: releasing factors plus 2 nuclei (supraoptic & paraventricular) produce ADH & oxytocin
66
Q

What happens when a person has Hypothalamic disturbances

A

cause a number of disorders in the body homeostasis such as: severe body wasting, obesity, sleep disturbances, dehydration, emotional imbalances

67
Q

What is the most dorsal portion of the diencephalon?

A

epithalamus

68
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A

extends from posterior border and secretes melatonin
* Melatonin—helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

69
Q

The choroid plexus is part of which structure of the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus

70
Q

What are the regions of the brain stem?

A

midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

71
Q

What is the structure/functions of the brainstem?

A
  • Similar structure to spinal cord but contains nuclei embedded in white matter
  • rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary to survival
  • pathway between higher & lower neural centres
  • associated with 10 pairs of cranial nerves
72
Q

What is the Cerebral aqueduct

A

channel running through midbrain that connects 3rd & 4th ventricles

73
Q

What is the Periaqueductal gray matter

A

nuclei that play a role in pain suppression and fight- or-flight response
- include nuclei that control cranial nerve III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

74
Q

What is the corpora quadrigemina?

A

superior colliculi are visual reflex centres when visually follow a moving object; inferior colliculi are part of auditory relay (also startle reflex)

75
Q

In which part of the brain stem is the substantia nigra found? What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A
  • Found in midbrain nuclei
  • band-like nucleus;
  • high melanin content (precursor of dopamine);
  • linked to basal nuclei of cerebral hemispheres (its degeneration linked to Parkinson’s disease)
76
Q

What is the red nucleus of the midbrain nuclei?

A
  • have rich vascular supply,
  • iron pigment in neuron cell bodies;
  • relay nuclei for descending pathways influencing limb flexion
77
Q

Where are the pons located and what are the names of its conduction tracts?

A

Located between midbrain & medulla oblongata; 4th ventricle separates pons from cerebellum.
– Longitudinal fibers connect higher brain centers and spinal cord
– Transversal/dorsal fibers relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum

78
Q

What are the 3 parts of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Pyramids: two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts from motor cortex
  • Decussation : point where pyramidal tracts cross over to opposite side of body
  • Olives: swellings caused by underlying inferior olivary nuclei that relay stretch information from muscles and joints to cerebellum
79
Q

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • crucial role as autonomic reflex centre for homeostasis
  • Cardiovascular centre: cardiac & vasomotor centers
  • Respiratory centers: rate & depth of breathing
  • Other centers: eg: vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing coughing, sneezing
80
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A
  • Processes input from cerebral cortex, brain stem, & sensory receptors
  • influences the timing & patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for smooth, daily movements – eg: driving, typing, playing a musical instrument, etc (not under conscious control)
  • plays a major role in balance
81
Q

What is the folia?

A
  • Transversely oriented gyri
  • contains thin cortex of gray matter with treelike pattern of white matter called arbor vitae
82
Q

What are the lobes of the hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

anterior, posterior, & flocculonodular

83
Q

virtually all fibers in cerebellum are____

A

ipsilateral

84
Q

How does the limbic system work?

A
  • emotional-visceral brain – esp: amygdala (anger, fear, assess danger), hippocampus (emotions & memory), anterior cingulate gyrus (gestures, resolve conflicts when frustrated)
  • link between odors, memories & emotions
  • close association with hypothalamus; provides a pathway for stress to have effects on blood pressure, GI tract, heart rate
85
Q

Which Functional Brain System puts emotional responses to odors?

A

The Limbic System

86
Q

What is the fuction of the reticular activating system (RAS)

A

o maintains arousal of brain;
o filter for incoming signals (RAS &
cerebral cortex disregard ~99% of all sensory stimuli)

87
Q

Severe injury of which functional brain system results in permanent unconsciousness (coma)

A

Reticular formation

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1106) (10 decks)

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