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Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1106) > Anatomy of the Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord held in place by:

A

(i) denticulate ligaments: pia mater shelving
(ii) filium terminale: pia mater-covered conus extension

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2
Q

Two lengthwise grooves partially divide cord into right and left halves. What are they?

A
  • Ventral (anterior) median fissure
  • Dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Dorsal Horns

A

interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of gray commissure?

A

connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of lateral horns

A
  • sympathetic motor neurons to visceral organs; also exit via ventral roots
  • associated with thoracic & superior lumbar regions of cord
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Ventral/Anterior horns

A
  • bodies of somatic motor neurons- axons exit via ventral roots
  • largest at levels of cervical & lumbar enlargements
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Ventral roots

A

bundles of motor neuron axons that exit the spinal cord

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Dorsal roots? What are they formed by?

A
  • Sensory input to the cord
  • formed by afferent fibers from periphery sensory receptors
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Dorsal root (spinal) ganglia

A

house cell bodies of associated sensory neurons- their axons enter cord to:

  • Synapse with interneurons in posterior horns at level they enter
  • Travel to higher cord/brain centers
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Spinal nerves

A

formed by fusion of dorsal and ventral roots

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11
Q

How are the gray matter & spinal roots organized?

A
  • organized like butterfly wings: paired anterior (ventral) & posterior (dorsal) horns
  • connected by gray commissure
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12
Q

True or False. the dorsal and ventral roots are part of the CNS, not the PNS!

A

False, they are part of the PNS

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13
Q

White matter runs in which three directions?

A
  • Ascending – up to higher centers (sensory inputs)
  • Descending – from brain to cord or lower cord levels (motor outputs)
  • Transverse – from one side to other (commissural fibers)
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14
Q

White matter is divided into which three white columns (funiculi) on each side?

A
  • Dorsal(posterior)
  • Lateral
  • Ventral(anterior)
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15
Q

What are Four general properties about spinal tracts?

A
  • Decussation: most cross from one side of CNS to other at some point
  • Relay: consist of chain of two or three neurons
  • Somatotopy: precise spatial relationship in CNS correspond to spatial relationship in body
  • Symmetry: pathways are paired symmetrically (right and left)
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16
Q

What are the ascending tracts of neuronal pathways?

A
  • dorsal white column
  • spinocerebellar tracks
  • spinothalamic tracks
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17
Q

What are the descending tracts of neuronal pathways?

A
  • corticospinal tracts
  • rubrospinal tract
  • reticulospinal tracts
  • vestibulospinal tract
  • tectospinal tract
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18
Q

What are the connective tissue membranes of meninges?

A
  • dura,
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
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19
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissue membranes of meninges?

A
  • cover & protect CNS
  • protect blood vessels & enclose venous sinuses
  • contain cerebrospinal fluid
  • form partitions within skull
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20
Q

What is the strongest meninx?

A

Dura mater

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21
Q

What are the 2 layers of fibrous connective tisse of dura mater

A
  • outer periosteal layer
  • inner meningeal layer
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22
Q

What is the purpose of dural septa?

A

it limits excessive movement and partition brain

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23
Q

What are the 3 forms of dural septa?

A
  • Falx cerebri—in longitudinal fissure; attached to crista galli
  • Falx cerebelli—along vermis of cerebellum
  • Tentorium cerebelli—horizontal dural fold over cerebellum and in transverse fissure
24
Q

What are the characteristics of arachnoid mater?

A
  • Loose covering separated from dura mater by subdural space
  • subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater
  • filled CSF and contains largest blood vessels of brain
  • role of arachnoid granulations (villi) in CSF accumulation
25
Q

What are the characteristics of pia mater?

A

delicate CT + tiny blood vessels

  • clings tightly to brain, follows convolutions
26
Q

What is the choroid plexuses?

A
  • in the roof of each ventricle;
  • produce CSF at constant rate;
  • keep in motion
27
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • Continuous endothelium of capillary walls (very impermeable tight junctions)
  • Thick basal lamina surrounding external face of capillary – contains enzymes that
    can destroy chemicals like Epinephrine and Norepinephrine that can act on neurons
  • bulbous feet of astrocytes + smooth-muscle-like cells called pericytes – maintain
    endothelial cells & stimulate formation of very tight junctions
28
Q

What is the formation and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle
  2. it flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through thte central canal of the spinal cord
  3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space
  4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi
29
Q

Connective tissue coverings of nerves include

A
  • Endoneurium—loose connective tissue that encloses axons + their myelin or neurilemma sheath
  • Perineurium—coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
  • Epineurium—tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
30
Q

___(#) pairs of cranial nerves pass through various foramina of the skull

A

12

31
Q

Where do the first two pairs of cranial nerves attach?

A

forebrain

32
Q

Name all 12 cranial nerves (In order). Hint: On Occasion, Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny – Very Good Vehicle AnyHow

A
  1. Olfactory nerves
  2. Optic nerve
  3. Oculomotor nerve
  4. Trochlear nerve
  5. Trigeminal nerve
  6. Abducens nerves
  7. Facial nerve
  8. Vestibulocochlear nerve
  9. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  10. Vagus nerve
  11. Accessory nerve
  12. Hypoglossal nerve
33
Q

State what type of function (sensory, motor or both) each cranial nerve have.
Hint: Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says (it’s) Bad Business (to) Marry Money

A
  1. Olfactory nerve (sensory)
  2. Optic nerve (sensory)
  3. Oculomotor nerve (motor)
  4. Trochlear nerve (motor)
  5. Trigeminal nerve (both)
  6. Abducens nerves (motor)
  7. Facial nerve (both)
  8. Vestibulocochlear nerve (Sensory)
  9. Glossopharyngeal nerve (both)
  10. Vagus nerve (both)
  11. Accessory nerve (motor)
  12. Hypoglossal nerve (motor)
34
Q

What are the characteristics of olfactory nerves?

A
  • From nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb
  • fibers of olfactory bulb neurons extend as olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex
  • afferent sensory fibers for smell
35
Q

What are the characteristics of optic nerves?

A
  • fibers from retina form optic nerve which passes through optic foramen of orbit
  • optic nerves converge to form the optic chiasma then as optic tracts to thalamus, finally as optical radiation to occipital cortex
  • afferent sensory fibers for vision
36
Q

What are the characteristics of oculomotor nerves?

A
  • “eye mover’
  • Fibers extend from ventral midbrain (near pons) through superior orbital fissures to four of six extrinsic eye muscles
  • mixed motor nerves to extrinsic eye muscles, also parasympathetic fibers to iris, lens; (some sensory proprioceptive afferents from extrinsic eye muscles to midbrain)
37
Q

What are the characteristics of Trochlear Nerves (pulley)?

A
  • innervates one pair of extrinsic eye muscles
  • loops through pulley-shaped ligament in orbit
  • motor fibers from dorsal midbrain to superior oblique eye muscle
38
Q

What are the characteristics of Trigeminal nerves?

A
  • Largest cranial nerves; fibers extend from pons to face
  • sensory fibers from various areas of face (V1) and (V2) & motor fibers for chewing (V3)
39
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerves?

A
  • Ophthalmic
  • Maxillary
  • Mandibular
40
Q

What are the characteristics of Abducens nerves?

A
  • controls extrinsic eye muscle that abducts eyeball
  • primarily motor to lateral rectus muscle (again, some proprioceptive info to brain to support motor output to muscle)
41
Q

What are the characteristics of Vestibulocochlear nerves?

A
  • sensory fibers from hearing receptors (cochlear division) and equilibrium receptors (vestibular division)
  • Mostly sensory function; small motor component for adjustment of sensitivity of receptors
42
Q

What are the characteristics of Facial nerves?

A
  • from pons to lateral face; large nerve with 5 major branches
  • Mixed nerve but primarily motor
  • Motor functions include facial expression, parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
    § Sensory function (taste) from anterior two-thirds of tongue
  • mixed nerve
43
Q

What are the characteristics of Glossopharyngeal nerves?

A
  • “tongue & pharynx”; mixed nerves to & from medulla
  • swallowing & gag reflex; also parasympathetic fibers to parotid glands
  • Sensory (taste, touch, pressure, pain) from pharynx, posterior tongue
  • sensory from carotid sinus (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors)
  • Motor functions - innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing, and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands
44
Q

What are the characteristics of vagus nerves?

A
  • “wanderer”; only cranial nerve to extend beyond head-neck region
  • mixed nerves; to & from medulla
  • Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera also somatic to pharynx & larynx
  • Sensory from carotid sinus; general sensory from pharynx and posterior tongue [even taste], proprioceptive information from muscles of pharynx & larynx
45
Q

What are the characteristics of acessory nerves?

A
  • accessory part of vagus nerve; initially thought to be formed by junction of a cranial root with a spinal root; but really only spinal rootlets
  • mixed nerves, but mostly motor to pharynx, larynx, soft palate; supplies motor fibers to trapezium & sternocleidomastoid muscles (head & neck movement)
  • Only sensory is proprioceptive for those muscles regulated by this nerve
46
Q

What are the characteristics of Hypoglossal nerves?

A
  • “beneath tongue”; primarily motor
  • to tongue for mixing of food, swallowing and speech
47
Q

almost immediately after exit from foramen, each spinal nerve branches into a ____ ___ & a ___ ____

A

dorsal ramus and a ventral ramus

48
Q

all ventral rami branch & make lateral connections just outside spinal cord (called nerve plexuses) except for

A

T2 - T12

49
Q

How do fibers from different ventral rami redistribute in plexuses?

A
  • Each branch of a plexus contains fibers from several different spinal nerves
  • Fibers from each ventral ramus travel to body periphery via several different routes,via several different peripheral nerves
50
Q

What are the characteristics of Cervical Plexus & the Neck

A
  • Formed by ventral rami of C1–C4 with minor contribution from C5
  • Deep to the SCM
  • Most branches form cutaneous
    nerves
51
Q

What is the single most important nerve of the cervical plexus and the neck. Why?

A
  • Phrenic nerve
    – Major motor and sensory nerve of diaphragm
    – Irritation and hiccups
52
Q

What are the characteristics of Brachial Plexus & Upper Limb

A
  • C5-C8 & most of T1; partly in neck, partly in axilla – nerves supplying upper limbs
    They have :
  • Axillary nerve to/from shoulder (esp. deltoid muscle)
  • Musculocutaneous nerve – to/from biceps brachii & brachialis to flex arm
  • Median nerve – flexor muscles in anterior forearm & palm → pronate forearm, flex wrist/fingers, oppose thumb
53
Q

Compare the axillary, musculocutaneous nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve and median nerve.

A

Axillary

  • nerve to shoulder (esp. deltoid muscle)
    Musculocutaneous nerve
  • to biceps brachii & brachialis to flex arm
    Radial
  • largest – to humerus & dorsal part of hand ® elbow extension, supination of forearm, extension of wrist & fingers, abduction of thumb
    Median
  • flexormusclesinanteriorforearm & into palm
  • pronateforearm,flex
    wrist/fingers, oppose thumb
    Ulnar
  • medial to elbow (“funny bone”) & follows ulna along medial forearm ® wrist & finger flexion/ adduction & abduction of medial fingers
54
Q

What are intercostal nerves

A

to intercostal muscles; anterolateral thorax

55
Q

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus (L1-L4)

A

Femoral Nerve

  • Innervates anterior thigh muscles (thigh flexors & knee extensors) and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg
    Obturator nerve
  • innervate medial thigh to adductor muscles
56
Q

What are the 5 nerves of the sacral plexus (L4-S4)

A

Superior & inferior gluteal nerves

  • To buttocks
    Sciatic Nerve
  • longest & thickest nerve of body
  • Posterior thigh (hamstring muscles) then branches into,
    Pudendal nerve
  • muscles & skin of perineum (e.g., erection, voluntary urination)
    Common fibular nerve
  • to knee joint, calf (anterolateral) & dorsum of foot
    Tibial nerve
  • behind knee to posterior calf & sole of foot
57
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve
* All spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1106) (10 decks)

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