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Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1106) > Anatomy of the Muscular System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Name of a single muscle cell

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2
Q

Endomysium

A

fine layer of areolar CT that surrounds each muscle fiber (cell)

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3
Q

Perimysium

A

dense irregular CT sheet around fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)

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4
Q

Epimysium

A

dense, irregular fibrous CT that surrounds the whole muscle

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5
Q

What is the deep fascia

A

still coarser layer of dense connective tissue that binds muscles into functional groups e.g. hamstrings are separated from quadriceps by deep fascia

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6
Q

What are the types of attachments?

A
  • Direct: epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage
  • Indirect: Most attachments are indirect attachments involving either a tendon or an aponeurosis
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7
Q

What are the most common patterns of fascicle arrangement?

A

Parallel - fascicles parallel to the long axis of a strap like muscle (can be strap like (e.g: sartorius) or fusiform (e.g. biceps brachii))

Pennate - short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle.

Circular - concentric rings surround external openings & contract to close opening (eg: obicularis oculi)

Convergent - fascicles converge towards a single tendon insertion / muscle is triangular or fan-shaped (eg: pectoralis major)

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8
Q

What are the 3 forms of pennate

A

unipennate = e.g. extensor digitorum
bipennate = e.g. rectus femoris
multipennate = e.g. deltoid

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9
Q

What is the role of a prime mover(agonist)?

A

provides major force for a particular movement
e.g.: brachialis in elbow flexion

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10
Q

What is the role of an antagonist?

A
  • opposes or reverses a particular movement
  • can provide resistance to prevent overshoot or control rate of movement
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11
Q

What is the role of a synergist?

A

muscles that help the prime mover by
- promoting the same movement
- reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement (eg: finger flexor muscles cross both wrist & phalangeal joints)
- some are fixators- eg: muscles involved in posture

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12
Q

T or F. a single muscle can be a prime mover for one action & an antagonist for another action

A

True

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of naming skeletal muscles?

A

1.Muscle location - bone or body region with which muscle associated e.g., intercostals
2.Muscle shape - e.g., deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle)
3.Muscle size- e.g. maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)
4.Direction of muscle fibers or fascicles -
- rectus (fibers run straight), transversus (fibers run at right angles)
- oblique (fibers run at angles to imaginary defined axis)
5.Number of origins - e.g., biceps (2) or triceps (3) origins
6.Location of attachments - named according to point of origin and insertion (origin named first)
7.Muscle action - named for action they produce, e.g., flexor or extensor

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14
Q

All muscles of the head are innervated by the…

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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15
Q

What is the epicranus

A

Main muscle of scalp; bipartite muscle

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16
Q

What is the role of the platysma (fascia of chest to mandible):

A

helps depress mandible; tenses skin of neck (shaving muscle)

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17
Q

What is the role of the orbicularis oculi?

A
  • surround rim of orbit
  • protects eyes from light/injury - closes the eye, blinking, squinting, also draws eyebrows inferiorly
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18
Q

What is the role of the orbicularis oris?

A

lips; multi-layered; closes, purses, protrudes lips

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19
Q

What is the role of the mentalis (mandible to chin)?

A

V-shaped pair – protrudes lower lip
(pout); wrinkles chin

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20
Q

What is the role of the zygomaticus muscle?

A

(Zygomatic bone to corner of mouth)
* raises the lateral corners of the mouth (smiling muscle)

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21
Q

What is the role of the buccinator (mandible/maxilla to orbicularis oris)

A

deep to masseter – whistling, sucking; hold food in place when chewing; especially in nursing infants

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22
Q

The muscles of the tongue are innervated by what…

A

hypoglossal nerve

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23
Q

The pairs involved in mastication are innervated by the mandiblur division of

A

cranial nerve V

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24
Q

What is the role of the masseter?

A
  • zygomatic arch & bone to angle & ramus of mandible
  • prime mover of jaw closure
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25
Q

What is the role of the temporalis?

A

o temporal fossa to coronoid process of mandible
elevates and retracts mandible (closes jaw)
maintains closed jaw at rest

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26
Q

What is the role of the medial and lateral pterygoid?

A
  • Pterygoid process of sphenoid to mandible
  • additional jaw movements (e.g. side-to-side
    grinding movements)
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27
Q

What is the role of the Sternocleidomastoid (manubrium/clavicle to mastoid process of temporal bone)

A
  • 2- headed; deep to the platysma
  • prime mover (both muscles) of head flexion (lift
    head when lying on back)
  • muscle action on one side for head rotation to
    opposite side, head tilts to same side
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28
Q

What is the role of the scalenes (cervical vertebrae to 1st 2 ribs)

A
  • more laterally and deep to platysma & SCM
  • elevates first 2 ribs
  • flexes & rotates neck
  • aids in inspiration
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29
Q

What is the role of the Splenius (vertebrae to mastoid process of temporal bone)

A

superficial; “bandage muscle”; head extension (both sides) or if one side, rotation, tilts to same side

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30
Q

What is the role of the erector spinae?

A

prime mover of back extension; consists of 3 columns of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis); resistance to bending forward & extensors for return to erect position

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31
Q

What is the role of the semispinalis?

A

deeper, composite muscle from thoracic region to head; extends vertebral column & head, rotation of head, synergistic with sternocleidomastoid muscles

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32
Q

What is the role of the quadratus lumborum (iliac crest to lumbar vertebrae)?

A

individual muscles flex vertebral column laterally; jointly to extend lumbar spine & fix 12th rib; maintain upright posture

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33
Q

What are the muscles of respiration?

A

External intercostals, Internal intercostals and Diaphragm

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34
Q

What is the role of the diaphragm?

A

§ floor of thoracic cavity; dome-shaped when relaxed
§ prime mover of inspiration, flattens on inspiration increasing thoracic volume

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35
Q

Muscles of which part of the boddy support viscera, flexion, stabilize pelvis

A

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

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36
Q

What are the names of the fasciae and aponeuroses that form the lateral and anterior abdominal wall

A

o Internal obliques
o External obliques
o Transversus abdominis
o Rectus abdominis

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37
Q

The Muscles of the Abdominal Wall are innervated by what?

A

the intercostal nerves

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38
Q

What is the role of the Rectus abdominis (Pubis to rib cage)

A
  • medial, superficial
  • Lumbar rotation,
  • fix & depress ribs
  • stabilizes pelvis during walking
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39
Q

What is the role of the external oblique?

A
  • largest & most superficial lateral muscle
  • together they increase abdominal pressure
  • flex vertebral column
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40
Q

What is the role of the internal oblique?

A

deeper but same actions as external oblique

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41
Q

What is the role of the Transversus abdominis

A
  • deepest muscle of abdominal wall
  • compresses abdominal contents
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42
Q

What is the role of the Levator ani (pubis to inner coccyx)

A
  • supports visceral organs
  • forms the supportive sling at anorectal junction & vagina
  • resists downward increases in intra-abdominal pressure (e.g. during coughing, vomiting)
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43
Q

What is the role of the coccyggeus (spine of ischium to sacrum & coccyx)?

A

It supports pelvic vicera and coccyx

44
Q

What is the urogenital diaphragm?

A

It supports pelvic viscera and constricts urethra

45
Q

The pelvic diaphragm is composed of which two muscles?

A

levator ani & coccygeus

46
Q

What is the role of the levator ani (pubis to inner coccyx)?

A

It supports visceral organs & forms the supportive sling at anorectal junction & vagina; resists downward increases in intra-abdominal pressure (e.g. during coughing, vomiting)

47
Q

What is the purporse of the muscles of the anterior thorax?

A

§ join the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton
§ arm movements
§ fix the scapula

48
Q

What is the role of the subclavius?

A

stabilize & depress the pectoral girdle

49
Q

What is the role of the pectoralis minor?

A
  • draws scapula forward and down
50
Q

What is the role of the serratus anterior?

A

holds scapula to chest wall

51
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thorax? What is their role

A
  • Trapezius (Occiput & vertebrae to clavicle & scapula) - Superficial; stabilizes, raises, retracts, rotates scapula
  • Levator scapulae (C1-4 to scapula) - elevates & adducts the scapula
  • Rhomboids (Vertebrae to scapula) - deep to trapezius; aid in scapula movements
52
Q

What are the prime movers of the arm?

A

§ Pectoralis major
§ Latissimus dorsi
§ Deltoid

Actions include flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation of humerus

53
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

– Supraspinatus
– Infraspinatus
– Teresminor
– Subscapularis
* Reinforce the capsule of the shoulder
* Act as synergists and fixators

54
Q

True or false, the coracobrachialis and teres major are NOT muscles crossing the shoulder joint.

A

False. They are

55
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the deltoid

A

o thick, rounded; site of intramuscular injections
o prime mover of arm abduction (all fibers); lateral & medial rotations, flexion or extensions if only some fibers used

56
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the pectoralis major?

A

o prime mover of arm flexion
o adducts & medially rotates arm; climbing, throwing, pushing

57
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the latissiumus dorsi?

A
  • broad, flat back muscle
  • prime mover of arm extension
  • arm adductor, medially rotates arm at shoulder
  • rowing, swimming
58
Q

What are the posterior compartments of the muscles of the forearm?

A

extensor digitorum
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis

59
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the extensor digitorum?

A

humerus to phalanges
o prime mover of finger extension
o Extends wrist, can abduct fingers,
o Note separate tendon for each finger and separate muscles

60
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

humerus and ulna to 5th metacarpal

  • extends & adducts wrist
61
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis?

A

humerus to 2nd (longus) & 3rd (brevis) metacarpals

  • extends & abducts wrist
62
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the Extensor pollicis longus and brevis?

A

radius, ulna & interosseous membrane to proximal (brevis) and distal (longus) phalanx of the thumb
o extends the thumb

63
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the supinator?

A

o assists biceps brachii to supinate forearm

64
Q

Most anterior muscles flex femur at___, extend leg at ___

A

hip; knee

65
Q

Most posterior muscles extend___, flex ___

A

thigh; leg

66
Q

What is the role of the biceps brachii

A
  • anterior, flexes elbow joint & supinates forearm
67
Q

What is the role of the brachialis

A
  • immediately deep to biceps brachii
  • major forearm flexor (strong)
  • lifts ulna as biceps lifts radius
68
Q

What is the role of the brachioradialis?

A
  • Superficial / synergist in forearm flexion
69
Q

What is the role of the triceps brachii?

A

o only muscle of posterior compartment of arm
o powerful forearm extensor
o may help stabilize shoulder joint

70
Q

Most anterior muscles are____; insert via ____

A

flexors; flexor retinaculum

71
Q

Most posterior muscles are___; insert via ____

A

extensors; extensor retinaculum

72
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

o powerful flexor of wrist & hand adductor
o synergizes with extensor carpi ulnaris to stabilizes wrist during finger extension

73
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the flexor carpi radialis?

A
  • diagonally across forearm
  • powerful flexor of wrist
  • abducts hand
74
Q

What are the characteristics and what is the role of the plamaris longus?

A
  • humerus to palmar aponeurosis
  • Weak wrist flexor, weak synergist for elbow flexion
75
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the pronator teres?

A

o pronates forearm
o weak flexor of elbow

76
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the flexor digitorum?

A

o 2-headed, deeper
o flexes wrist & middle phalanges of fingers 2-5.

77
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the flexor pollicis longus ?

A
  • Anterior shaft of radius & interosseous membrane to distal phalanx of the thumb
  • part of the anterior compartment of the forearm
78
Q

What are the anterior compartments of the muscles of the forearm?

A
  1. flexor carpi ulnaris
  2. flexor retinaculum
  3. flexor carpi radialis
  4. flexor digitorum superfixialis
  5. flexor pollicis longus
  6. palmaris longus
  7. pronator teres
79
Q

the actions of the muscles of the lower limb include :

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation

80
Q

Anterior compartements of the leg consists of which prime movers when walking

A

iliopsoas (two muscles), tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris

81
Q

Why are abduction and adduction important during walking?

A

Abduction and adduction are important during walking to place the center of gravity over the grounded limb.

82
Q

Which medial compartments of the leg participate in the phases of walking?

A

gluteus medius & minimus

83
Q

Posterior compartements of the leg consists of which prime movers when walking

A

gluteus maximus and hamstring (semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, & the biceps femoris)

84
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the Iliopsoas?

A

(iliac crest,T12 & lumbar vertebrae to femur)
*prime mover of hip flexion

85
Q

What are the names and roles of the quadriceps femoris?

A
  • Rectus femoris - extends the knee ; flexes thigh at hip
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
    all extend the knee
86
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the sartorius?

A

(anterior superior iliac spine to medial tibia)

  • strap-like; longest muscle;
  • flexes & laterally rotates thigh
  • weak knee flexor
87
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the pectineus?

A

pubis to femur

  • adducts, flexes & medially rotates thigh
88
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the gracilis?

A

pubis and ischial ramus to medial tibia
o adducts thigh, medially rotates leg (walking)

89
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the adductors (magnus, longues, brevis)

A

o all adduct, flex, medially rotate thigh –
e.g. riding a horse, walking, fixing hip when knee flexed

90
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the gluteus medius?

A

(ilium to femur (greater trochanter))
* abducts & medially rotates thigh; esp. during walking (im. injections)

91
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the hamstring

A
  • primer movers of thigh extension & knee flexion
  • quadriceps antagonists
92
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the hamstring?

A

biceps femoris
semitendinousus
semimembranousus

93
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the gluteus maximus?

A

(ilium, sacrum and coccyx to gluteal tuberosity of the femur)

  • largest & most superficial buttock muscle
  • major thigh extensor - climbing stairs, running
94
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

tibia to phalanges of toes 2-5

  • prime mover of toe extension
  • dorsiflexes foot
95
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

fibula shaft to great toe
* extends great toe & dorsiflexes foot

96
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the tibialis anterior?

A

tibia to tarsals & metatarsal
o prime mover of dorsiflexion
o inverts foot

97
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the brevis?

A
  • plantar flexes & everts foot
98
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the fibularis (peroneus)

A

fibula under foot to 1st metatarsal

99
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the gastrocnemius?

A

femur to calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

  • plantar flexes foot when knee extended
  • flex knee if foot dorsiflexed
100
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the soleus?

A
  • proximal tibia/fibula to calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
  • deeper, plantar flexes ankle
  • walking, running, dancing
101
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the calcaneal (achillens tendon)?

A
  • largest tendon in body
  • common tendon for gastrocnemius & soleus muscles for insertion into calcaneus of heel
102
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the tibialis posterior?

A

tibia/fibula/interosseous membrane to tarsal & metarsals
*Primer mover of foot inversion

103
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

posterior tibia to distal phalanges of toes 2 to5
o Plantar flexes & inverts the foot
o flexes the toes

104
Q

What are the characteristics and roles of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Fibula/interosseous membrane to distal phalanx of great toe
o plantar flexes& inverts the foot, flexes great toe

105
Q

The Intrinsic muscles of the Foot are similar to which muscles?

A

Palms of the hands

106
Q

What actions do Intrinsic muscles of the Foot complete?

A

Help to flex, extend, abduct and adduct the toes

107
Q

How do the anterior, medial and posterior compartments of the leg function in the phases of walking?

A
  1. Anterior compartment muscles flex the femur and extend the knee - stepping forward.
  2. Medial compartment adduct the thigh.
  3. Posterior compartment muscles extend the femur and flex the knee

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1106) (10 decks)

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