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Human Physiology > The Auditory System > Flashcards

The Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sound wave

A

Vibrations of air that alternate between regions of compression and non compression (rarefaction)

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2
Q

Sound waves are distinguished by their ?

A

Amplitude and frequency

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3
Q

What is amplitude

A

The height of the waves
Determines intensity (loudness)
Measured in decibels

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4
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves per second
Measured in hertz
Determines pitch

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5
Q

External ear

A

Receives and transmits sound pressure waves to the middle ear

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6
Q

Middle ear

A

Transfers sound energy from air to the liquid inner ear (turns sound energy to fluid waves)

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7
Q

Inner ear

A

Tranduces signal to a change in membrane potential (converts fluid to a change in membrane potential)

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8
Q

The oval and round window seperate…

A

Seperate air filled middle ear from fluid filled inner ear

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9
Q

Malleus, Incus & Stapes pass on vibrations to the inner ear at the …

A

Same frequency

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10
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Release a build up of pressure; for ex: in a plane @ high altitudes, you tru to yawn to open that tube to releive pressure

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11
Q

External ear consists of: (2)

A

the outer ear (pinna) and the ear canal

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12
Q

What does the penna do

A

Direct sound waves into the ear

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13
Q

That your canal is sealed and it’s internal and by a thin membranous called

A

Tympanic membrane

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14
Q

Sound waves that vibrate the Tympanic membrane move the three middle ear bones at

A

The same frequency

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15
Q

What is the malleus/the hammer connected to?

A

Tympanic membrane

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16
Q

T or F: the incus (anvil) is in the middle

A

True

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17
Q

Stapes (stirrup) is connected to??

A

The oval window

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18
Q

The pressure of the sound waves is _____ by the middle war

A

Amplified

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19
Q

Movement of the bones trigger movement of fluid in the cochlea at

A

The same frequency

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20
Q

The Inner ear consist of two major sensory structures:

A

The vestibular apparatus and the cochlea

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21
Q

Step one of Sound transaction

A

Soundwaves strike the Tympanic membrane and become vibrations

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22
Q

Step two of sound transduction

A

The sound wave energy is transferred to the three bones of the middle ear which vibrate

23
Q

Step three of sound transaction

A

The stapes is attached to the membrane of the oval window. Vibrations of the oval window create fluid waves with in the cochlea

24
Q

Step four of sound transduction

A

The fluid waves push on the flexible membranes of the cochlear duct. Hair cells bend and ion channels open, creating an electrical signal that alters neurotransmitter released

25
Q

Step five of sound transduction

A

Neurotransmitter release onto sensory neurons creates action potential that travel through the cochlear nerve to the brain

26
Q

Step six of sound transduction

A

Energy from the waves transfers across the cochlear duct into the Tympanic duct and is dissipated back into the middle ear at the round window

27
Q

Where does sound transaction occur

A

In the cochlea

28
Q

What are the three fluid filled channels in the cochlea

A

Top: vestibular duct - consists of perilymph (plasma/CSF)
Middle: cochlear duct - consists of endolymph (extracellular fluid very high in K+)
Bottom: Tympanic duct - consists of perilymph (plasma/CSF)

29
Q

What happens if fluid waves can’t dissipate back into the middle ear at the round window

A

The waves will stay in the cochlea

30
Q

Where are high frequency sounds on the basilar membrane

A

At the stuff end of the basilar membrane near the oval window

31
Q

Where do low-frequency sounds deflect on the basilar membrane

A

At the apical end close to the end of the basilar membrane

32
Q

Specific populations of hair cells respond to…

A

Specific sound frequencies

33
Q

Hi and low frequency sounds are specially mapped onto the…

A

Basilar membrane

34
Q

Spacial coating is preserved in the

A

Auditory cortex

35
Q

What is included in the organ of Corti (4)

A

The basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, hair cells, afferent and efferent axons

36
Q

What happens when the basilar membrane is displaced

A

It moves hair cells which pushed against the tectorial membrane and generate action potential’s in the hair cells out through the axons

37
Q

What is the role of the inner hair sell

A

To relay information to the brain

38
Q

What is the role of the outer hair cells

A

To amplify the signal and excite cells more

39
Q

The direction of displacement determines whether hair cells are…

A

Depolarized or hyperpolarized

40
Q

True or false? Hair cells don’t have axons and don’t generate action potential’s, but they can release neurotransmitters

A

True

41
Q

What makes up a hair bundle

A

Stereocilia

42
Q

Why are there sensory and inhibitory synapses onto the hair cells?

A

Usually to inhibit, allows for by directional flow, so you can get a cleaner sound and drown out others

43
Q

Displacement towards the tallest stereocilia causes?

A

A depolarization

44
Q

Displacement towards the shortest stereocilia causes what?

A

Hyperpolarization

45
Q

Where does the ion exchange takes place in the hair cell

A

Between stereocilium in the tip link

46
Q

What is going on in the tip links at rest

A

Some channels are open at rest so a little bit of neurotransmitters can be released but there is no obvious noise, just background noise

47
Q

What happens in the hair cells during excitation

A

More channels open
Caption entry depolarizes
AP generated

48
Q

What happens to the hair cell during inhibition

A

The channels clothes. Less cat ion and entry hyperpolarizes the cell. No neurotransmitters are released

49
Q

True or false? Excitation produces more action potential’s then at rest

A

True

50
Q

What does cranial nerve eight contain

A

The vestibule or nerve for balance and the cochlear nerve for hearing

51
Q

What is conductive hearing loss

A

Sound waves are not adequately conducted to the External and middle portions of the ear

52
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Sound waves are not translated into nerve signals that are interpreted by the brain as sound sensations

53
Q

Central Hearing Loss

A

Damage to the nerve pathways between the ear and the auditory cortex or to the cortex itself

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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