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Human Physiology > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium

A

Sac that surrounds the heart

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2
Q

Intraventricular Septum

A

Septum that divides the heat

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3
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Causes blood in right atrium to be shunted away from the lungs into the left atrium

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4
Q

Ductus arteriosis

A

Blood ejected by the right ventricle is returned to the systemic circuit via ductus arteriosus

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5
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves

A

The tricuspid (right) and the bicuspid (left)

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6
Q

What do the chordae tendineae do?

A

prevent AV valves from being pushed into atria by connecting the valvue to the papillary muscles “pull on heart strings”

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7
Q

The bicuspid valve is also called the …

A

mitral valve

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8
Q

Blood flows from a region of …

A

high pressure to a region of low pressure

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9
Q

Contraction increases

A

pressure

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10
Q

Late distole

A

both sets of chambers are open and relaxed, ventricles fill passively

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11
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atrial contraction forces the small amount of reamining (20%) blood into the ventricles to fill them

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12
Q

Isovolumic ventricular contraction

A

Ventricular constraction pushes AV nodes closed (1st HB sound) but not enough to open semilunar valve, pressure keeps building (toothpaste with cap on)

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13
Q

Ventricular Ejection

A

as pressure rises the blood is ejected through the semi-lunar valve

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14
Q

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

as ventricles relax pressure in the ventricles falls and blood flows backwards, semilunar valve snap closed (second HB sound)

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15
Q

systole is

A

contraction

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16
Q

diastole is

A

relaxation

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17
Q

End-diastolic (relaxation) volume (EDV)

A

maximum volume of blood in the ventricles (in atrial systole)

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18
Q

End-systolic (contraction) volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood in ventricles at the end of contraction (in ventricular ejection)

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19
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped by 1 ventricle in 1 heart beat

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20
Q

How to calculate SV?

A

EDV-ESV

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21
Q

Which side has a higher pressure ?

A

the left side because it need to pump to whole body and even go against gravity to get the brain

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22
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by the blood in 1 minute

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23
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac output?

A

SV = CO/HB Sooooo CO = SV*HB

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24
Q

Where does electrical activity originate

A

in the SA node

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25
Q

What is in the SA node

A

pacemaker cells

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26
Q

What do pacemaker cells do?

A

initiate CONDUCTION of the HB and are responsitble for the rhythm generated

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27
Q

What does the AV node and what is it’s function?

A

electrically connects the atria to the ventricles and slows the impulse

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28
Q

What do the branched bundles do?

A

conduct impulses though the interventricular septum

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29
Q

What do the purkinjee fibres do?

A

Depolarize the contractile cells of both ventricles, depolarization spreads upwards from the apex

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30
Q

What is the analogy for the pacemaker and contractile cells?

A

pacemaker cells initiate the AP like a officer giving orders to the soliders (contractile cells) telling them to move

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31
Q

How does the impulse spread accross the atria

A

through internodal pathways and gap junctions between contractile cells

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32
Q

What does the AV node allow for?

A

Causes a delay in ventricular contraction to ensure the atria have ejected all their blood

33
Q

Contraction ends when the

A

ventricles repolarize and relax

34
Q

What is the electrocardiogram record?

A

summed electrical activity of all the cells in the heart

35
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

36
Q

PQ segment

A

Conduction through the AV nodes and AV bundle while atrial contracts

37
Q

Q wave

A

ventricular contraction at the end of the Q wave

38
Q

R wave

A

ventricle depolarizes

39
Q

S wave

A

atrial redepolarizes but is masked by ventricle depolarization

40
Q

ST segment

A

ventricles contract

41
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization and ventricular relaxation

42
Q

Sinus bradycardia

43
Q

First degree AV block

A

distance between P & QRS wave is longer, more delay

44
Q

3rd degree AV block

A

P wave completely dissociated from QRS complex

45
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

is incresd QRS size

46
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Absense of P waves and irregular ventricular rhythm

47
Q

Pressure created by ventricular contraction is the

A

driving force for blood flow
Why?
when the semilunar valvue opens the pressure from the contraction stretches the ateried and and they expand

48
Q

What happend when isovenricular relaxation occurs

A

semilunar valvues shut and precent back flow, elastic recoil of arteries send blood forward

49
Q

What does blood pressure depend on? (2)

A

volume of blood contained and compliance of the vessel wall

50
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

max pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is ejected in them during systol

51
Q

What is distolic pressure?

A

min pressure in arteries when blood is draining into other vessels

52
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

SP - DP (120-80)

53
Q

Why do we calculate mean arterial pressure

A

because pressure pulsates so we use it to represent driving pressure

54
Q

MAP is proportional to? (2)

A 
cardiac output (V) * arteriolar resistance (compliance) 
****both things that determine blood pressure
55
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds?

A

sounds created by pulsatile blood flow through compressed artery

56
Q

How to use a Sphygmomanometer for measuring BP

A

cuff inflated until above 120 in pressure
deflate pressure in cuff below 120, the first sound you heart is sytolic, the pressure once the korotkoff sounds stop is diastolic

57
Q

flow does not depend on absolute pressure, it depends on a

A

pressure gradient

58
Q

Flow is proportional to a pressure

59
Q

Resistance opposes

A

blood flow

60
Q

3 factors that affect resistance

A
  1. Length of blood vessel
  2. Vescosity of blood (how packed are the RBC)
  3. Radius of blood vessels (1/r^4) SO! a really small change can have a huge effect on resistance
61
Q

BP is highest in the <3 and falls consistently throughout the rest of the body, T or F????

A

TRUE BITCH

62
Q

Distribution of blood to the arteries depends on…(2)

A
  1. Number & size of arteries supplying the organ

2. Resistance to arterioles

63
Q

Total blood flow through all the arterioles is

A

cardiac output

64
Q

flow through individual arterioles depends on

A

their resistance

65
Q

When blood flow is contricted somewhere, blood flow is the ____, its just going through other ________

A

same; vessels

66
Q

What happens when precapillary sphincters are consticted?

A

blood moves through the metarterioles

67
Q

Exchange at the capillaries can occur in what 3 ways?

A
  1. endothelial cells (paracellular) (at junctions or through pores)
  2. through the cells (transendothelial) (transcytosis or vesicle fusion)
  3. Bulk flow
68
Q

Filtration

A

movement out of capillaries

69
Q

Absorption

A

movement into capillaries

70
Q

Hydrostatic pressure favours?

A

filtration

71
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure favours?

A

absorption

72
Q

Bulk flow

A

mass movement of fluid between the blood interstitial fluid

73
Q

Baroreceptors

A

tonically active stetch sensitive mechanoreceptors in the walls of the carotid arteries and aorta

74
Q

Increase BP does what to baroreceptors

A

increases them

75
Q

How does the medullar respond ?

A

increases CP & PR

76
Q

What would happen with a decrease in BP?

A

Sympathetic Neurons would kick in PSN = NO

  1. Heart rate increase (epinephrine increased released onto SA node)
  2. Force of contraction increases so more blood ejected
  3. vasocontriction
77
Q

What control does the PSN have over BP changes

A

it decreases HR

78
Q

WHat would happen if BP increased?

A
  1. A decrease in sympathetic output (less epinephrine release): vasodilation, decreased force of contraction, decreased HR,

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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