The Association Cortices and Complex Brain Functions Flashcards
How many different types of neurons are there, based on their morphology?
- 4
There are 4 types of different neurons based on their morphology, what are they?
1 - unipolar
2 - bipolar
3 - pseudopolar
4 - multipolar
In relation to inside out cortical development, neurons are formed in one place and migrate to another. Where do they form and then migrate to?
1 - originate = hippocampus and migrate to = cortical (cortex) area
2 - originate = hypothalamus and migrate to = cortical (cortex) area
3 - originate = olfactory bulb and migrate to = cortical (cortex) area
4 - originate = ventricle zone and migrate to = cortical (cortex) area
4 - originate = ventricle zone and migrate to = cortical (cortex) area
In relation to inside out cortical development neurons are formed in the ventricle zone (lining of ventricular system) and migrate to the cortical (cortex) area. How many layers of cells are in the cortical area?
- 6 layers
In relation to inside out cortical development neurons are formed in the ventricle zone (lining of ventricular system) and migrate to the cortical (cortex) area. Which cells assist in the migration of neurons to the cortical area?
1 - astrocytes
2 - radial glial cells
3 - oligodendrocytes
4 - microglia
2 - radial glial cells
- movement of neurons is facilitated by the cytoskeleton and called radial glial cell migration
There are 6 layers in the cortex of the brain, although some areas do have only 3-4 layers. Of the 6 layers which layers are involved in input and output?
1 - input = layers III and V and output = IV
2 - input = layers I and I and output = VI
3 - input = layers I and IV and output = VI
4 - input = layers I and V and output = VI
1 - input = layers III and V and output = IV
- layers III (3) and V (5) are generally thicker as they send more information
In sensory pathways how many motor neurons are involved in the pathway?
- 3 motor neurons
- 1st, 2nd and 3rd order motor neuron
In descending motor pathways (corticospinal tract) how many motor neurons are involved in the pathway?
- 2 motor neurons
- upper and lower motor neurons
In the reflex arc pathways how many motor neurons are involved in the pathway?
- 2, that do not leave the spinal cord
- afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons
Which blood vessels supplies the majority of the internal capsule
1 - anterior cerebral artery
2 - middle cerebral artery
3 - middle meningeal artery
4 - posterior cerebral artery
2 - middle cerebral artery
What is the homunculus of the brain?
- a topographical-organised map of the proportional representation of the contralateral somatosensory or motor neurones on the cortex or passing though a part of the brain
Which blood vessels supplies the majority of the cortex?
1 - anterior cerebral artery
2 - middle cerebral artery
3 - middle meningeal artery
4 - posterior cerebral artery
2 - middle cerebral artery
Which lobe and other structure of the brain are heavily involved in emotion, language, memory and auditory?
1 - frontal lobe and brain stem
2 - temporal lobe and cerebellar
3 - temporal lobe and brain stem
4 - temporal lobe and cortex
3 - temporal lobe and brain stem
Which lobe of the brain is heavily involved in motor control, behaviour and decision-making?
1 - frontal
2 - parietal
3 - occipital
4 - temporal
1 - frontal lobe
Which lobe of the brain is heavily involved in sensory control?
1 - frontal
2 - parietal
3 - occipital
4 - temporal
2 - parietal lobe
Which lobe of the brain is heavily involved in visual control?
1 - frontal
2 - parietal
3 - occipital
4 - temporal
3 - occipital lobe
Which part of the brain is heavily involved in fine motor control and balance?
1 - frontal
2 - parietal
3 - occipital
4 - cerebellum
4 - cerebellum
What does cortical plasticity, also referred to as neuroplasticity refer to?
- brains ability to form new neural connections and reorganise itself as required
Cortical plasticity, also referred to as neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s remarkable ability to reorganise itself by forming new neural connections based on individual experiences, lifestyle and environment. Does the CNS or PNS posses a greater ability to do this?
- PNS
Cortical plasticity, also referred to as neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s remarkable ability to reorganise itself by forming new neural connections based on individual experiences, lifestyle and environment. Although the PNS has a greater potential for cortical plasticity, how is stroke an example of this?
- in a stroke some brain tissue becomes ischaemic and dies
- ability to move that was associated with dead brain tissue is also lost
- during rehab the body is able to regain some of the lost movement
- this demonstrates that a new part of the brain is now able to control the movement
Is a Ischemic stroke or Hemorrhagic stroke more common?
- ischaemic stroke
What are the 2 most common causes of stroke?
- thrombosis = blood clot (called a thrombus) blocks the blood flow to parts of the brain.
- atherosclerosis is where artery lining becomes thickened and narrowed by plaque
In strokes we use the term ‘time is tissue’, what does that mean?
- a stroke will cause tissue furthest from blood vessel to die
- around stroke gets some blood but function is impaired
- aim is to try and re-fuse the tissue to save the brain
When we talk about speech, specifically language there are 2 terms that are used aphasia and dysphasia, what do these mean in relation to language?
- a = without and phasia = speech
= aphasia = full loss of language - dys = dysfunctional and phasia = speech
= partial loss of language