Anatomy of Memory and Emotion Flashcards
What is declarative/explicit memory?
- memories which have to be consciously recalled as facts and events
- memories which require no, or little conscious effort to recall
- new memories that have a specific function
- new sensory memories
- memories which can be consciously recalled as facts and events
What is procedural/implicit memory?
- memories which have to be consciously recalled as facts and events
- memories which require no, or little conscious effort to recall
- new memories that have a specific function
- new sensory memories
- memories which require no, or little conscious effort to recall
- acquisition of motor and cognitive skills
- manifest across a wider range of situations, from learning to ride a bike to reading skills, they are both unconscious and unintentional
When talking about declarative/explicit memory, which are memories which have to be consciously recalled such as facts and events, these can be further subdivided into 2 categories?
- episodic and semantic
- episodic and classical conditioning
- perceptual learning and semantic
- episodic and perceptual learning
episodic and semantic
Episodic memory is a subdivision of declarative/explicit memory, which are memories which have to be consciously recalled such as facts and events. What are episodic memories?
- conscious recollection of personal experiences
- conscious recall relating to the meaning, understanding and general knowledge
- conscious effort about languages
- conscious effort on how to perform daily activities
- conscious recollection of a personal experience
* recollections contains information on what has happened** and also **where** and **when it happened
Semantic memory is a subdivision of declarative/explicit memory, which are memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events. What are semantic memories?
- conscious recollection of personal experiences
- conscious recall relating to the meaning, understanding and general knowledge
- conscious effort about languages
- conscious effort on how to perform daily activities
- conscious recall relating to the meaning, understanding and general knowledge
* concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences
When talking about declarative/explicit memory, which are memories which can be consciously recalled as facts and events, this can be further subdivided into 2 categories, episodic and semantic. In episodic this can be further subdivided into 2 categories, what are these?
- short term and working memory
- long term and working memory
- long term and sensory memory
- sensory and working memory
- long term and working memory
- working memory = supports temporary storage and maintain internal representations
- long term memory = permanent form of memory
When talking about declarative/explicit memory, which are memories which can be consciously recalled as facts and events, this can be further subdivided into 2 categories, episodic and semantic. Semantic memory refers to the memory of meaning, understanding, general knowledge about the world and concept-based knowledge that is unrelated to specific experiences. Research has shown that amnesic patients can be affected, but how?
- they are unable to acquire new vocabulary
- Henry Molaison had temporal lobe removed (including hippocampus), and could no longer remember new words
When looking at semantic memory examination, word association tests are often performed. 2 terms used are phonological and categorical fluency, what do these mean?
- phonological fluency = patients asked to recall/remember as many letters as possible in 1 minute (<12 is impaired)
- categorical fluency = patients asked to produce as many responses as possible to a conceptual concept in 1 minute
Procedural/implicit memory relates to the acquisition of motor and cognitive skills. These can manifest across a wider range of situations, from learning to ride a bike to reading skills, they are both unconscious and unintentional. What are the 3 phases of this type of learning in order?
- cognitive, association and autonomous stage
- understanding, association and autonomous stage
- cognitive, understanding and autonomous stage
- cognitive, association and long term application
- cognitive, association and autonomous stage
- cognitive stage = thinking about the task
- association stage = linking thinking and doing
- autonomous stage = activity becomes natural without thought
What is perceptual learning?
- ability to learn through rehearsal
- ability to learn through out reading
- ability to learn through out touch
- ability to learn through out senses
- ability to learn through our senses to improve performances
- for example in the image below, we initially see trees, but after allowing our senses to work we can see Napolean in between the trees
- this can also be improved once you know the parameters of the test
What is classical conditioning, also referred to as the Pavlovian response, using the following terms?
- unconditioned stimulus
- unconditional response
- conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response
- unconditioned stimulus = food for a dog
- unconditional response = dogs produces saliva when sees food
DOG HEARS BELL+NO SALIVA = NO CONDITION RESPONSE
- conditioned stimulus = dog trained to associated bell and food together makes dog produces saliva
- conditioned response = food is removed, dogs hears bell and still produces saliva
What is a key component of the brain that is heavily involved in memory?
- hippocampus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- corpus callosum
- hippocampus, which mean sea horse due to its shape
- there are 2 one on each side of the hemispheres
The hippocampus is heavily involved in memory. What are examples of the following that the hippocampus plays a key role in:
- episodic memory
- encoding and recollection
- spatial processing
- episodic memory = what you ate for breakfast
- encoding and recollection = life events, information and experiences
- spatial processing = cognitive maps, navigate where cells in the brian activate to help us remember
Which lobe is the hippocampus located in?
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- frontal lobe
- temporal lobe
- medial aspects
There are 6 subunit components of the hippocampus numbered 1-6 in the image below. Use the labels below to identify what each number is, where CA = cornu ammonis.
- subiculum
- CA4
- CA1
- CA2
- CA3
- denate gyrus
- CA1
- CA2
- CA3
- CA4
- denate gyrus
- subiculum
The hippocampus has 6 sub-units. 4 of which are the cornu ammonic (CA1-4), named after ammons horn as it looks like a horn, after the egyptian god amon who often appeared in the form of a ram. What is the structure of CA1-4, which is often referred to as the hipposampus proper composed of?
- mutli-polar pyramidal cells
- uni-polar pyramidal cells
- bi-polar pyramidal cells
- pseudo-polar pyramidal cells
- mutli-polar pyramidal cells
- densely packed with pyramidal cells, which possess multiple dendrites
The hippocampus has 6 sub-units. 1 of which is called the dentate gyrus, what is this involved in and composed of?
- pyramidal cells important for episodic memory
- granular cells important for episodic memory
- uni-polar neurons important for episodic memory
- gliomas important for episodic memory
- granular cells important for episodic memory
- linked with adult neurogenesis (new neuron formation, where as neurons are generally post-mitotic meaning they cannot create new neurons)
Although it is a slow process the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus is one site where new neurons can form, called neurogenesis. Where is the 2nd site that has been located?
- thalamus
- frontal cortex
- thymus
- olfactory bulb
- olfactory bulb
The hippocampus has 6 sub-units. 1 of which is called the subiculum, which is latin for support. What is this involved in and composed of?
- pyramidal cells involved in plasticity and hippocampus input
- pyramidal cells involved in plasticity and hippocampus output
- granular cells involved in plasticity and hippocampus output
- granular cells involved in plasticity and hippocampus input
- pyramidal cells involved in plasticity and hippocampus output
- important for plasticity essentially response in function and morphology due to interactions around it
- area where plasticity is high is the hippocampal-subicular axis
- main output source of the hippocampus
Where does the hippocampus receive its input from?
- cerebral cortex
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- motor cortex
- cerebral cortex [prefrontal, cingulate, temporal lobe and amygdala, olfactory bulb].
- these project via entorhinal cortex and into the hippocampus via the subiculum
The hippocampus receive input from the cerebral cortex [prefrontal, cingulate, temporal lobe and amygdala, olfactory bulb]. This input then projects via entorhinal cortex and into the hippocampus via the subiculum. What is the entorhinal cortex involved in?
- pain, navigation and time perception
- memory, navigation and time perception
- memory, navigation and emotion
- memory, pain and time perception
- memory, navigation and time perception
The the hippocampus has a significant role to play in memory. Once it has received its inputs from cerebral cortex (prefrontal, cingulate, temporal lobe and amygdala, olfactory bulb) how does it transmit its outputs?
- dentate gyrus
- CA1
- CA2
- subiculum
- subiculum
The the hippocampus has a significant role to play in memory. Once it has received its inputs from cerebral cortex (prefrontal, cingulate, temporal lobe and amygdala, olfactory bulb) it transmit its outputs via the subiculum. Where do the outputs of the hippocampus travel to?
- prefrontal cortex, amygdala, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens [NAc], mammillary bodies, thalamus, hypothalamus
- fornix which is a major output pathway
The hippocampus is composed of a number of complex connections. What does the perforant pathway connect?
- hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
The hippocampus is composed of a number of complex connections. What do the schaffer collaterals connect?
- Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) and CA3
The hippocampus is composed of a number of complex connections. What do the mossy fibres connect?
- grey matter fibres
- connect denate gyrus with Cornu Ammonis 3
The hippocampus is composed of a number of complex connections. What do pyramidal cells connect?
- multipole connections throughout the hippocampus
The hippocampus is composed of a number of complex connections. What do granule cells connect?
- connections within the Dentate Gurus
- area where neurogenesis can occur, but slowly
If the hippocampus has been damaged what are the 3 most common signs patients can present with?
- amnesia, chronic pain, regulatory problems
- impaired spatial navigation, chronic pain, regulatory problems
- antegrade amnesia, chronic pain, regulatory problems
- amnesia, impaired spatial navigation, regulatory problems
- amnesia, impaired spatial navigation, regulatory problems
- amnesia (anterograde memory loss of new information)
- impaired spatial navigation
- regulatory problems (circadian rhythm, sleep, impulse control is impaired)
When we talk about retrograde and anterograde amnesia what do we mean?
- retrograde (backwards) = difficulty recalling old stored memories
- anterograde (forwards) = difficulty recalling new and making new memories
What are the 5 most common causes of damage to the hippocampus?
- hypoxia
- epilepsy
- neurodegenerative disorders
- infection
- stress/depression [+/- neurogenesis]
There are other cortices (location in the cortex) in the brain that contribute towards memory, what are the 4 biggest, not including the hippocampus?
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = working memory; requires effort
- parahippocampal gyrus = recognition memory, places
- further temporal cortices = categorical memory, word recognition, objects, people, faces
- association cortices = semantic memory
The amygdala is associated with memory, specifically what aspects of memory?
- pain and fear conditioning
- sadness and fear conditioning
- reward and fear conditioning
- joy and fear conditioning
- reward association, fear conditioning / learning of threat
- emotional enhancement of episodic (recall episodes from ones past) memory
- why specific events can be really emotional
The mammillary bodies (groups of nuclei) and the fornix are associated with memory, specifically what aspects of memory?
- new memories encoding and consolidation
- new happy memories and consolidation
- retrieval of old memories and consolidation
- retrieval of sensory stimulus and consolidation
- new memories encoding and consolidation
* papez circuit (implicated in expression of emotions)
Emotions are defined by the perception of an emotive stimulus. This can lead to 2 types of physiological response, what are they?
- autonomic arousal response (fight or flight) and behavioural
- expressions and autonomic arousal response
- behaviour and subjective feelings (mood, temperament)
- expressions and subjective feelings (mood, temperament)
- expressions and autonomic arousal response
Emotion is defined by the perception of an emotive stimulus. In addition to the physiological response, this can lead to 2 other key features, what are they?
- autonomic arousal response (fight or flight) and behavioural
- expressions and autonomic arousal response
- behaviour and subjective feelings (mood, temperament)
- expressions and subjective feelings (mood, temperament)
- behaviour and subjective feelings (mood, temperament)
What 2 secondary vesicles make up the limbic system?
- telencephalon and diencephalon
- telencephalon and mesencephalon
- diencephalon and metencephalon
- diencephalon and myelencephalon
- telencephalon and diencephalon (essentially the forebrain)
The limbic system is the emotional centre of the brain. Using the labels below, label the numbers 1-7 in the image:
- hippocampus (telencephalon)
- cingulate cortex (telencephalon)
- thalamus (diencephalon)
- fornix (telencephalon)
- amygdala (telencephalon)
- hypothalamus (diencephalon)
- mammillary bodies (diencephalon)
- cingulate cortex (telencephalon)
- fornix (telencephalon)
- thalamus (diencephalon)
- hypothalamus (diencephalon)
- mammillary bodies (diencephalon)
- amygdala (telencephalon)
- hippocampus (telencephalon)
What does limbic mean?
- latin for borders
- limbic system crosses the borders of the telencephalon and diencephalon
What is the amygdala?
- almond shape composed of nuclei
- located in the raustral medial aspect of the temportal lobe
The amygdala has 4 components, what are these called?
1 - basolateral complex (basal and lateral nucleus)
2 - central nucleus
3 - basal nucleus
4 - medial nucleus
The amygdala has 4 components, basolateral complex (basal and lateral nucleus), central nucleus, basal nucleus and the medial nucleus. What is the function of the basolateral complex?
- sensory input and associative learning
- processing of pain
- long term memory
- co-ordination
- sensory input and associative learning (conditioning)
The amygdala has 4 components, basolateral complex (basal and lateral nucleus), central nucleus, basal nucleus and the medial nucleus. What is the function of the central nucleus?
- sensory input and associative learning
- processing of pain
- long term memory
- co-ordination
- processing of pain
The amygdala is associated with threat detection and feat reactions. What can this cause physiologically?
- sympathetic response
- increased heart rate, sweating, fight or flight
The amygdala is associated with fear conditioning. What is this linked with learning wise?
- pavlovian learning
- consider evolutionary benefit of survival, social cohesion, outgroups vs ingroups
The amygdala is associated with emotional enhancement of memory. What does this mean?
- emotional weight can be attached to memories
- a memory of someone dying can be really emotional
The amygdala is associated with smelling, what is this called?
- olfaction
In addition to the limbic system there are 3 key cortices (parts of the cerebral cortex) that are associated with emotion. What are the names?
1 - dorsal anterior cingulate
2 - subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
3 - insular cortex
In addition to the amygdala and a number of cortices there are subcortical structures that are associated with memory. What are the key 4?
1 - striatum (basal nuclei)
2 - ventral striation
3 - hypothalamus/pituatory
4 - brainstem
When we talk about the hippocampus, the term ‘hippocampus proper’ is often used. What is the hippocampus proper?
- the 4 parts of the cornu ammonis CA1 - CA4
The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampus. Why is the dentate gyrus such an important part which has received considerable attention?
- site for adult neurogenesis
- new development of neurons
The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampus. The dentate gyrus is an important part which has received considerable attention as it is a site for adult neurogenesis (new development of neurons) and is closely linked with the subventricular zone, which is the site for neuron proliferation (see image below). What affect can chronic levels of cortisol such as those seen in chronic stress have on the dentate gyrus?
- excessive cortisol causes excitotoxicity (Ca2+) in hippocampus
- hippocampus atrophies as a result, so no new neurogenesis
Place cells are a kind of pyramidal neuron within the hippocampus. What is the importance of these cells in the hippocampus, keeping in mind the main role of the hippocampus involves memory?
- these are activated when you enter a location that you recognise, known as a cognitive map
- important for spacial processing and navigation
If the hippocampus is damaged or even lost, what can this lead to?
- memory loss
- amnesia
- reduced spatial awareness
If the hippocampus is damaged or even lost, this can lead to memory loss. This can be antro or retrograde. What is the difference between antro and retrograde memory loss?
- antrograde (forward) = inability to remember new memories
- retrograde (backwards) = inability to recall old memories
The mammillary bodies are a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain that, as part of the diencephalon, form part of the limbic system. They are located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix. What is their primary function?
- recollective memory
- memory information begins within the hippocampus
- theta waves activate CA3 neurons in the hippocampus and transmits through the fornix to the mammillary bodies
