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Old curriculum > The Ankle > Flashcards

The Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

Name the arteries that supply the foot and state where pulses can be located

A

Dorsalis pedis - just lateral to Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Posterior tibial

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2
Q

Describe eversion and inversion of the foot

A

Eversion - lateral part of foot rolls out, moves away from ground, foot rolls in

Inversion - lateral part of foot rolls in, moves towards/into ground, foot rolls out

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3
Q

What classification of joint is the ankle ?

A

Rolling (axis of rotation not fixed) hinge synovial joint

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4
Q

Name the 7 tarsal bones of the foot.

A 
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular 
Cuboid 
Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
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5
Q

During dorsiflexion, which part of the talus is within the mortise of the ankle joint?

A

Anterior part

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6
Q

Why is the ankle more stable during dorsiflexion?

A

Wider, wedge shaped anterior part of talus is in the mortise

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7
Q

What type of articular cartilage is present in the ankle joint?
List some properties: *ToB
Cell type/s present
Fibre type/s present

A

Hyaline
Chondrocytes
Type II collagen

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8
Q

*ToB

What are the components of cartilage extra cellular matrix?

A 
Proteoglycans (containing glycoaminoglycans)
Hyaluronic acid (another GAG)
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9
Q

What is the specific name of the type of joint the ankle is?
Give overall description of the structure.

A

Mortise and tendon, Bracket shape formed by tib & fib into which talus bone fits and articulates.

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10
Q

What is the function of the various retinacula of the ankle?

A

Prevent bow stringing of tendons - allow function of muscles

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11
Q

What are the 2 sets of ligaments in the ankle and where do they originate from?

A

Medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments

Malleoli

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12
Q

Describe the parts of the medial (deltoid) ligament

A 
Superficial and deep
Fan out downwards from medial malleolus 
3 superficial :
Tibio-navicular ligament*
Calcaneotibial ligament 
Talo-tibial ligament
Deep:
Related to the superficial tibio-navicular ligament
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13
Q

What is the primary function of the medial ligament of the ankle?

A

Resist eversion of the foot.

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14
Q

Describe the parts of the lateral ligament

A

There are 3:
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular

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15
Q

Describe the ankle “ring” and state it’s clinical relevance.

A

Upper part - articular surfaces of tibia and fibula
Lower part - subtalar joint
Sides - medial and lateral ligaments

Ring usually breaks in 2 places

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16
Q

What movements occur at the ankle joint ?

State the muscles responsible in each case.

A

Dorsiflexion:
Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus, Extensor digitorum longus

Plantar flexion:
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Posterior tibialis, Plantaris

17
Q

What are the malleoli useful landmarks for ?

A

Medial malleolus - great saphenous vein also pulse from tibialis posterior artery
Lateral malleolus - small saphenous vein

18
Q

What is a Pott’s fracture? And how do they occur (3 stages)?

A

Bimalleolar or trimalleolar (distal tibia involved) fracture of ankle
1. Forced eversion of foot pulls on medial ligaments -> avulsion fracture to medial malleolus
2. Talus moves laterally, breaking off lateral malleolus
3. Tibia forced anteriorly, shearing off distal and posterior part against the talus
(See saved picture/diagram)

19
Q

What articular surfaces does the tibia contribute to the ankle?

A

Superior

Medial

20
Q

What articular surface does fibula contribute to the ankle joint?

A

Lateral

21
Q

What articulatory surfaces does the talus bone contribute to the ankle?

A

Inferior ( NB superior surface of talus)
Infero-medial
Infero-lateral

22
Q

Describe the proximal articulation site of tibia and fibular

A

= Tibio-fibular articulation

Plane type synovial

23
Q

Describe the intermediate articulation of tibia and fibular?

A

Interosseous membrane

24
Q

Describe the distal articulation of tibia and fibular?

A

=Tibio-fibular syndesmosis

Fibrous joint made up of anterior posterior distal tibio/fibular ligaments

25
Q

What does the distal posterior tibio-fibular ligament do?

A

Further strengthens ankle joint

Deepens articulatory surfaces

26
Q

What are the sub-talar joints?

A

Articulations of talus and calcaneous

Not part of ankle joint proper

27
Q

What are the joint stabilising surfaces of the ankle?

A

Medial and lateral malleoli
Distal tibio-fibular ligament (posteriorly)
Transverse tibio-fibular ligament

28
Q

Describe the arches of the foot

A

Medial and lateral longitudinal arches

Transverse arch

29
Q

What classification of joint is the talo-calcaneal joint?

A

Uni axial hinge

30
Q

What movement does the subtalar joint allow?

A

Inversion and eversion of the foot

Side to side motion

31
Q

What contributes to stability in the ankle in extreme dorsiflexion?

A

The tibio-fibular syndesmosis

32
Q

When is the ankle least stable?

A

Plantar flexion

33
Q

What nerve is responsible for dorsiflexion?

A

Fibular division of sciatic nerve (L4-5)

34
Q

What nerve is responsible for plantar flexion ?

A

Tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L4-5)

35
Q

What is the strongest ligament of the ankle joint?

A

Medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle joint

Old curriculum (12 decks)

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