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Old curriculum > GI 7 > Flashcards

GI 7 Flashcards

1
Q

List the physical defence mechanisms of the GI tract

A 
Memory, sight & smell
Saliva
Gastric acid
S. Intestine secretions 
Peristalsis & segmentation
Anaerobic environment 
Colonic mucus
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2
Q

What is the term for reduced salivary flow

A

Xerostomia

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3
Q

Describe the range of toxins the liver and GI tract are exposed to

A 
Chemical
Bacteria 
Viruses 
Protozoa
Helmiths
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4
Q

What consequences could occur due to dry mouth?

A

Parotitis - painful, enlarged parotid gland due to S. aureus infection
Candidia
Aspergilla niger

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5
Q

What is achlohyrdia and what can it be caused by?

A

Condition where there is no secretion of gastric acid

Pernicious anaemia or proton pump inhibitors ( or other drugs eg H2 antagonists)

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6
Q

Without stomach acid, what infections are you more prone to?

A

Shigellosis
Cholera
Salmonella
And in hospital pts taking PPIs, Clostridum difficile

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7
Q

What organisms are resistant to gastric acid?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Helicobacter pylori - produces urease creating protective cloud of ammonia
Enteroviruses - hepatitis A, polio, coxasackie

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8
Q

What are the protective mechanisms in the s intestine ?

A 
Bile (= a detergent)
Proteolytic enzymes 
Lack of nutrients
Anaerobic 
Shedding of epithelial cells 
Rapid transit
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9
Q

Which components of the immune system defend the GI tract?

A 
Macrophages 
Neutrophils 
Tissue mast cells 
Eosinophils 
Natural killer cells
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10
Q

In outline, how are toxins removed from the blood once in hepatic sinusoids?

A

Mostly actively by Kupffer cells

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11
Q

What may cause liver failure?

A 
Alcohol 
Viral hepatitis
Drugs - paracetamol OD, also halothane
Industrial solvents
Mushrooms
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12
Q

What are the clinical features of liver failure?

A

Increased susceptibility to :
Toxins, Drugs and Hormones
Infection esp fungal
Increased blood ammonia (~> hepatic encephalopathy)

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13
Q

What can liver cirrhosis lead to and why?

A

Portal venous hypertension

Fibrosis may prevent free drainage

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14
Q

What are the three signs of portosystemic shunting ?

A

Osephageal varicies
Haemorrhoids
Caput medusae

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15
Q

Describe the distribution of GALT? (Gut associated lymphoid tissue)

A 
Diffuse 
But nodular in 3 locations:
Tonsils
Peyer's patches
Appendix
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16
Q

Where do the tonsils drain to?

A

Cervical lymph nodes

17
Q

What is mesenteric adenitis and what can it be easily mistaken for and why?

A

Inflammation of mesenteric lymph nodes
Appendicitis
Both cause right iliac fossa pain

18
Q

Describe 2 causes of appendicitis

A

Lymphoid hyperplasia -> obstructed outflow, stasis, infection
Faecoliths - hardened discrete mass faeces

19
Q

What are the constituents of a portal triad?

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct
Also lymph and branch of vagus nerve

Old curriculum (12 decks)

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