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Neuroscience/Clinical I (S1) > The anatomy of the nervous system > Flashcards

The anatomy of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two broad classes of cells that form normally functioning brain tissue?

A

Neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

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2
Q

What properties do neurons have that differs them from other body cells?

A

Dendrites, axon, synapse

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3
Q

Explain the dendrite

A

Usually thicker and shorter than the axon, highly branched so allows for a dense network of processes

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4
Q

Explain the axon

A

Excitable - allows for the generation and propagation of action potentials

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5
Q

Explain the synapse

A

The point of specialised contact between two neurons

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6
Q

Explain the spines

A

The project from the surface of the dendrites. Receives most of the excitatory output. It has a neck and head, and contains the filaments actin and alpha+beta tubulins. Has fibres

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7
Q

What is the name of a neuron with only 1 dendrite?

A

Bipolar neuron

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8
Q

What is the name of a neuron with more than one dendrite?

A

Multipolar neuron

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9
Q

What is the length of the axon if containing golgi type 1?

A

long and large axon

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10
Q

What is the length of the axon when containing golgi type 2?

A

short axon

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11
Q

What are the three different shapes of the cell body?

A

Ovoid, fusiform, triangular

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12
Q

Where are pyramidal cells found?

A

In the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

What cell body shape do pyramidal cells have?

A

Triangular

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14
Q

What type of neuron is a pyramidal cell?

A

multipolar

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15
Q

What are the dendrites of pyramidal cell like?

A

Spiny

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16
Q

Where does the axon extend from in a pyramidal cell and what type of golgi does it have?

A

The base, type 1

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17
Q

Where are spiny stellate cells found?

A

Cortex

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18
Q

What cell body shape does the spiny stellate cell have?

A

ovoid cell body

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19
Q

What type of neurons are the spiny stellate cells?

A

multipolar but the dendrites are horizontal/radial from the cell body

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20
Q

What type of dendrites does the spiny stellate cells have?

A

Spiny

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21
Q

What type of neurons are spiny stellate cells? (not multi/bipolar) and what type of golgi do they contain?

A

interneurons, golgi type 2

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22
Q

What cell body shape do dopaminergic cells have?

A

fusiform

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23
Q

What type of neuron is a dopaminergic cell?

A

multipolar

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24
Q

Where does the axon emerge from in a dopaminergic cell?

A

from the cell body or from one of the dendrites

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25
Q

What type of golgi do dopaminergic neurons have?

A

golgi type 1 as it is a projection neuron

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26
Q

What does the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons lead to?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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27
Q

Where are purkinje cells found?

A

Cerebellum

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28
Q

What cell body shape do purkinje cells have?

A

Ovoid

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29
Q

What type of neuron is a purkinje cell?

A

Bipolar

30
Q

Describe the dendrites of a purkinje cell?

A

Highly branched dendritic tree and spiny

31
Q

What type of golgi does a purkinje cell have?

A

Golgi type 1 as is a projection neuron

32
Q

What does the degeneration of purkinje cells lead to?

A

Tremor, problems with walking, fine hand movements and speech

33
Q

Why is neuroglia referred to as nerve glue?

A

as it holds together neurons in the CNS

34
Q

What are the different forms of glia?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia

35
Q

What is a cell in the PNS?

A

Schwann cell

36
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form myelin

37
Q

Describe the properties of an oligodendrocyte

A

Single sheet of oligodendrocyte plasma membrane wrapped tightly around an axonal segment

38
Q

What does the myelin do?

A

Insulates which speeds up the conduction of action potentials

39
Q

What is the shape of astrocytes?

A

Star shaped

40
Q

How much of the volume of the brain do astrocytes constitute?

A

20-50%

41
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They fence in neurons - make cuffs around nodes of ranvier, ensheath synapses and dendrites and project processes to cell somas.

42
Q

What are the three functions of glia?

A

1) induce tight junctions in endothelial cells
2) uptake of neurotransmitters
3) neurovascular coupling

43
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

They are representatives of the immune system in the brain

44
Q

Give a process that microglia are involved in

A

Phagocytosis

45
Q

What is the dorsal/ventral anatomical direction?

A

Towards the back/belly

46
Q

What is the anterior/posterior anatomical direction?

A

Towards the front/back

47
Q

What is the rostral/caudal anatomical direction?

A

Towards the beak/tail

48
Q

What is the medial/lateral anatomical direction?

A

Towards the middle/side

49
Q

What are the basic subdivisions of the brain?

A

Spinal cord, Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

50
Q

What are the further divisions in the hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon, myelencephalon

51
Q

What are the further divisions found in the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

52
Q

What are the further divisions found in the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon

53
Q

Give the name of the brain structure in the myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata

54
Q

What does the myelencephalon contain?

A

Nuclei which controls respiration, tongue musculature, blood pressure and heart rate

55
Q

Give the name of the brain structures in the metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum

56
Q

What does the pons contain?

A

Nuclei which are involved in sleep and arousal

57
Q

What does the cerebellum do/contain?

A

Integrates sensory information to modify motor output

58
Q

What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?

A

Movement is jerky and poorly coordinated

59
Q

What are the brain structures in the mesencephalon?

A

Tectum and Tegmentum

60
Q

What does the tectum contain?

A

Inferior colliculi (auditory) and superior colliculi (vision)

61
Q

Name the three major structures of the tegmentum?

A

Red nucleus (motor), subtantia nigra (motor), periaqueductial grey (species typical behaviours such as mating)

62
Q

What the brain structures found in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

63
Q

Describe the thalamus

A

Divided into nuclei, some neurons involved in receiving input from primary senses, other neurons have unknown function

64
Q

Describe the hypothalamus and it;s functions

A

Organises the autonomic and glandular aspects of responses related to survival, and homeostasis. Contains many nuclei (SCN - circadian rhythm)

65
Q

What are the brain structures in the telencephalon?

A

Most of the 2 cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

What does the telencephalon do>

A

Mediate the most complex functions

67
Q

What does the primary visual cortex receive?

A

Sensory information

68
Q

What does damage to the primary visual cortex lead to?

A

Blindness

69
Q

What does damage to the visual association cortex do?

A

More complex deficits and visual agnosia - the failure to know. Able to perceive but can’t say.

70
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A

Planning and emotional behaviour and personality

71
Q

What does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Neuroscience/Clinical I (S1) (9 decks)

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