Introduction to psychopathology

Question 1

What did ancient civilisations see the origin of psychological distress as?

Answer 1

A manifestation of the supernatural forces

Question 2

What did the belief in the origin of psychology as a manifestation of the supernatural forces lead to?

Answer 2

The treatment of distressed people involving prayer, rituals, and spells

Question 3

What did Hyppocrates see mental illness caused by?

Answer 3

Four humours - blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

Question 4

What did Kraeplin describe mental disorders as?

Answer 4

Exogenous and endogenous

Question 5

How is psychopathology explained in the biological approach?

Answer 5

Genetics, Neurochemical dysfunction, environmental stress, acquired brain lesions

Question 6

How does genetics explain psychopathology?

Answer 6

Vulnerability to mental disorders such as a predisposition to developing them

Question 7

How does neurochemical dysfunction explain psychopathology?

Answer 7

Changes in serotonin and dopamine

Question 8

How do psychological approaches explain psychopathology?

Answer 8

Psychoanalytic theories, behavioural theories, humanistic-existential approaches

Question 9

How do psychoanalytic theories explain psychopathology?

Answer 9

That is it caused by unconscious processes’ drives, repression and conflict (FREUD)

Question 10

How do behavioural theories explain psychopathology?

Answer 10

Classical and operant conditioning - Skinner

Question 11

How do humanistic existential approaches explain psychopathology?

Answer 11

Suffering results form incongruence and thwarted self-actualisation

Question 12

How does the biopsychosocial model explain psychopathology?

Answer 12

Environment, social, and psychological.

Question 13

How does the environment explain psychopathology?

Answer 13

Socioeconomic and environmental conditions

Question 14

How does biology (bps) explain psychopathology?

Answer 14

Genetics, gender, neurotransmitters, brain lesionsH

Question 15

How can you explain psychopathology socially?

Answer 15

Social network, social opportunity, interpersonal events, societal norms, ethnicity and culture

Question 16

How can you explain psychopathology psychologically (bps)?

Answer 16

Goals, coping skills, learned behaviours, beliefs and attitudes

Question 17

What are the changes in psychopathological interventions?

Answer 17

Deinstitutionalisation of psychiatric services led to a progressive recovery approach. The emphasis is now on dignity, autonomy, opportunity, and social inclusion after experiencing mental illness

Question 18

Define psychopathology with the statistical approach.

Answer 18

Having an attribute that deviates substantially from the statistical norm

Question 19

What is an advantage of the statistical approach?

Answer 19

Offers some objectivity and measurability

Question 20

What are some problems with the statistical approach?

Answer 20

Extreme values do not necessarily imply extreme problems, measurement error, where is the cut off

Question 21

What is the assumption of the normative approach?

Answer 21

That socially normal and acceptable behaviours represent adaptive ways of behaving

Question 22

How can the normative approach be used to define psychopathology?

Answer 22

Deviation from social norms is viewed as abnormal

Question 23

What are some problems with the normative approach?

Answer 23

Doesn’t take into account individual differences, expects conformity with societal expectations

Question 24

How is psychopathology defined using the distress-based approach?

Answer 24

An individual’s inability to cope with their experiences or problems. Using the individuals perspective about what is normal or abnormal

Question 25

What are some problems with the distress-based approach?

Answer 25

Lack of insight into the nature of their problems. Highly subjective

Question 26

Define stigma

Answer 26

A negative or unfair attitude or beliefs about mental health problems

Question 27

Define discrimination

Answer 27

Unfair behaviour or actions towards someone with mental health problems

Question 28

How many people had their grades suffer from the impact of stigma on their lives in the time to change survey (2019)?

Answer 28

43%. Shows that stigma is real and has impact