Introduction to psychopathology Flashcards
What did ancient civilisations see the origin of psychological distress as?
A manifestation of the supernatural forces
What did the belief in the origin of psychology as a manifestation of the supernatural forces lead to?
The treatment of distressed people involving prayer, rituals, and spells
What did Hyppocrates see mental illness caused by?
Four humours - blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm
What did Kraeplin describe mental disorders as?
Exogenous and endogenous
How is psychopathology explained in the biological approach?
Genetics, Neurochemical dysfunction, environmental stress, acquired brain lesions
How does genetics explain psychopathology?
Vulnerability to mental disorders such as a predisposition to developing them
How does neurochemical dysfunction explain psychopathology?
Changes in serotonin and dopamine
How do psychological approaches explain psychopathology?
Psychoanalytic theories, behavioural theories, humanistic-existential approaches
How do psychoanalytic theories explain psychopathology?
That is it caused by unconscious processes’ drives, repression and conflict (FREUD)
How do behavioural theories explain psychopathology?
Classical and operant conditioning - Skinner
How do humanistic existential approaches explain psychopathology?
Suffering results form incongruence and thwarted self-actualisation
How does the biopsychosocial model explain psychopathology?
Environment, social, and psychological.
How does the environment explain psychopathology?
Socioeconomic and environmental conditions
How does biology (bps) explain psychopathology?
Genetics, gender, neurotransmitters, brain lesionsH
How can you explain psychopathology socially?
Social network, social opportunity, interpersonal events, societal norms, ethnicity and culture
How can you explain psychopathology psychologically (bps)?
Goals, coping skills, learned behaviours, beliefs and attitudes
What are the changes in psychopathological interventions?
Deinstitutionalisation of psychiatric services led to a progressive recovery approach. The emphasis is now on dignity, autonomy, opportunity, and social inclusion after experiencing mental illness
Define psychopathology with the statistical approach.
Having an attribute that deviates substantially from the statistical norm
What is an advantage of the statistical approach?
Offers some objectivity and measurability
What are some problems with the statistical approach?
Extreme values do not necessarily imply extreme problems, measurement error, where is the cut off
What is the assumption of the normative approach?
That socially normal and acceptable behaviours represent adaptive ways of behaving
How can the normative approach be used to define psychopathology?
Deviation from social norms is viewed as abnormal
What are some problems with the normative approach?
Doesn’t take into account individual differences, expects conformity with societal expectations
How is psychopathology defined using the distress-based approach?
An individual’s inability to cope with their experiences or problems. Using the individuals perspective about what is normal or abnormal
What are some problems with the distress-based approach?
Lack of insight into the nature of their problems. Highly subjective
Define stigma
A negative or unfair attitude or beliefs about mental health problems
Define discrimination
Unfair behaviour or actions towards someone with mental health problems
How many people had their grades suffer from the impact of stigma on their lives in the time to change survey (2019)?
43%. Shows that stigma is real and has impact
