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AA Radiographic Anatomy > The Abdomen 3 > Flashcards

The Abdomen 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

The accessory organs include the

– (1) teeth,

– (2) tongue,

– (3) salivary glands,

– (4) liver,

– (5) gallbladder, and

– (6) pancreas.

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2
Q

Label this image

A
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3
Q

What are the 4 coats of the stomach?

A

Structure ~ Four coats:

1)Outer serous layer (peritoneum)

●

2)Muscular coat – outer longitudinal, middle transverse & inner incomplete obliquely arranged smooth muscle fibres

●

3)Submucous coat (lamina propria) – loose areolar tissue containing vessels & nerves

●

4) Inner thick mucous coat – lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which form rugae when the stomach is empty

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4
Q

What are the glands of the stomach?

A

•Cardiac glands – situated near the cardiac orifice and mainly secrete mucous

•

•Gastric glands – lie in the fundus and body and secrete gastric juice

•

•Pyloric glands – lie in the pyloric antrum and mainly secrete mucous

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5
Q

How does gastric juice get to the stomach?

What are the three types of exocrine gland cells?

A
  • Secretions from several gastric glands drain into gastric pits which then drain into the stomach
  • Contain three different types of exocrine gland cells:
  • Mucous cells – secrete mucous
  • Chief cells – secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
  • Parietal cells – secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
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6
Q

What do mucous cells of the stomach secrete?

A

Both surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells secrete mucus.

The secretions of the mucous, parietal, and chief cells form gastric juice, which totals 2000-3000mL (roughly 2–3 qt) per day.

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7
Q

What do the parietal cells of the stomach secrete?

A

Parietal cells produce intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B12) and hydrochloric acid.

The secretions of the mucous, parietal, and chief cells form gastric juice, which totals 2000-3000mL (roughly 2–3 qt) per day.

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8
Q

What do the chief cells of the stomach secrete?

A

The chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

The secretions of the mucous, parietal, and chief cells form gastric juice, which totals 2000-3000mL (roughly 2–3 qt) per day.

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9
Q

What is this image?

Label it

A
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10
Q

Label this image

A
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11
Q

What are the 4 coats of the small intestine?

A

Four coats:

1)Outer peritoneum.

●

2)muscular coat – outer longitudinal and inner transverse smooth muscle fibres.

●

3)submucous coat (lamina propria) – loose areolar tissue containing vessels and nerves.

●

4)inner thick mucous coat – lined with columnar epithelium, and with a deep layer of smooth muscle fibres (muscularis mucosae)

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12
Q

How long is the duodenum??

A

The Duodenum

• About 25 cm long

•

• Shortest and widest part of small intestine

•

• Relatively fixed in position

•

• Divided into four regions: the first, second, third and fourth parts for descriptive purposes

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13
Q

How long is the small intestine?

What 3 regions is it split into?

A

•About 6 metres in length

Divided into three regions:

•The duodenum

•

•The jejenum

•

•The ileum

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14
Q

What are valvulae conniventes?

What do they do?

Where?

A

Valvulae Conniventes:-

Circular folds

The circular folds slow the passage of the food along the intestines, and afford an increased surface for absorption. They are covered with small fingerlike projections called villi(singular, villus). Each villus, in turn, is covered with microvilli. The microvilli absorb fats and nutrients from the chyme.

Present from 2nd part of duodenum distally

Most common in proximal jejunum & disappear distally, i.e. are not present in the ileum (so help distinguish the jejunum from ileum. (Jejunum is also of a slightly wider diameter than the ileum)

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15
Q

What is chyme?

A

The pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

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16
Q

Describe the movements of the small intestine?

A

Movements of the Small Intestine

  • As soon as chyme enters the duodenum a wave of peristalsis commences.
  • This carries the chyme around to the duodenal – jejunal junction
  • In addition to peristalsis, food is also moved through the small intestine by segmentation
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17
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Segmentation

•Ring like contractions of smooth muscle fibres

•

•One set of contractions relax and another, slightly more distal begins

•

•Co-ordinated by nerve plexuses in the walls of the small intestine

•

•Rate of segmentation is highest in the duodenum and decreases distally

•

•Mixes the intestinal contents with the intestinal juice

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18
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

A series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed.

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19
Q

Label this image

A
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20
Q

How long is the large intestine?

Where does it go from and to?

Comparison to small intestine?

A
  • About 1.5 m in length
  • Extends from the ileum to the anus
  • Greater diameter than the small intestine
  • Differs from the small intestine in that it has a sacculated (haustrated) appearance
21
Q

What sections does the large intestine consist of?

A

Consists of:

  • The caecum
  • The colon (ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid)
  • The rectum
  • The anal canal
22
Q

What is the size of the caecum?

Where?

What guards the entrance?

What opens into it about 2 cm below the ‘guard’?

A

The Caecum -

  • About 6 cm long & 7.5 cm wide
  • ‘Hangs’ below the proximal colon and distal ileum
  • The ileocaecal sphincter / valve is a fold of mucous membrane that ‘guards’ the entrance into the large intestine from the caecum
  • The vermiform appendix opens into the caecum about 2 cm below the ileocaecal valve
23
Q

What four coats make up the large intestine?

A

The Structure of the Large Intestine

Composed of four coats:

  • Outer serous layer, provided by the peritoneum
  • A muscular coat – outer longitudinal and inner transverse smooth muscle fibres. The longitudinal fibres are gathered in three bands of increased thickness called the taenia coli resulting in the haustrated appearance. The taenia coli does not extend into the rectum
  • A submucous coat (lamina propria) – loose areolar tissue containing vessels and nerves
  • An inner thick mucous coat – lined with columnar epithelium
24
Q

Explain the movements of the large intestine?

A

Movements of the Large Intestine

  • Peristalsis – at a slower rate than elsewhere in the alimentary canal
  • Haustral churning – when haustra become distended the walls contract, moving the contents distally
  • Mass peristalsis – strong peristaltic wave that commences in the transverse colon and pushes the contents to the rectum
25
Q

How long in the anal canal?

Surrounded by what?

A

The Anal Canal

  • About 4 cm in length
  • Surrounded by a thickened band of circular smooth muscle fibres
  • These smooth muscle fibres form the internal anal sphincter
  • The internal anal sphincter is surrounded by a band of skeletal muscle which forms the external anal sphincter
26
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the liver?

Other functions?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism – maintaining a normal blood glucose level
  • Lipid metabolism – stores triglycerides breaks down fatty acids into acetyl coenzyme A etc hepatocytes synthesize cholesteral and use it to make bile salts etc
  • Protein metabolism – death would occur in a few days without this.
  • Removal of drugs and hormones
  • Excretion of bilirubin – absorbed from blood and secreted into bile
  • Synthesis of bile salts – used in small intestine emulsification and absorption of lipids
  • Storage – glycogen, vitamins and minerals
  • Phagocytosis
  • Activation of vitamin d
27
Q

Label this image with:

Ligamentum teres

Gall bladder

Right lobe of liver

Inf. Vena Cava

Left lobe of liver

Body of pancreas

Head of pancreas

Aorta

A
28
Q

Label this image with:

Right atrium

Right lung

Hepatic veins

Right lobe of liver

Hepatic portal vein

Left ventricle

Diaphragm

Stomach

Left lobe of liver

Abdominal aorta

What plane is it in?

A

Coronal

29
Q

Label this image

What’s it of?

A

Pancreas and biliary tree

30
Q

The biliary system

Bile is secreted by what?

How much is secreted each day?

pH?

A

The Biliary System

  • Bile is secreted by the liver
  • About 800 – 1000 ml are secreted each day
  • pH range 7.6 - 8.6
31
Q

The biliary system

Function?

A

The Biliary System

  • The function of the biliary system is to store and concentrate bile until it is needed
  • Bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine along the common bile duct
  • If bile is not needed for digestion the sphincter of Oddi (sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla) which is around the ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla) closes

•

•Bile backs up and overflows along the cystic duct into the gallbladder for storage

32
Q

Label this image with:

Right hepatic duct

Gallbladder

Fluid within the duodenum

Left hepatic duct

Common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Pancreatic duct

Common bile duct

A
33
Q

How is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?

A

Pancreas connected to duodenum by the larger pancreatic duct (through the hepatopancreatic ampulla) and the smaller accessory duct (through the duct of Santorini)

34
Q

Label this image

A
35
Q

Label this image

A
36
Q

Label this image

A
37
Q

Label this image

What technique was used to take this image?

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography

38
Q

Label this image

A
39
Q

The hepatic circulation

Oxy and deoxy?

A

Oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and deoxygenated (containing – newly absorbed nutrients, drugs and possibly microbes and toxins from the GI tract) from hepatic portal vein

40
Q

Where does the spleen lie?

Size?

A

The Spleen

  • Lies in left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
  • Lies between diaphragm and fundus of stomach
  • About 12 cm long, 7 cm wide and 3 – 4 cm thick
  • Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue
41
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Functions

  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Erythropoiesis
  3. Lymphopoiesis
  4. Immune response
  5. Erythrocyte storage
42
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses.

Only a few body cells, termed phagocytes, are able to carry out phagocytosis. Two main types of phagocytes are macrophages, located in many body tissues, and neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Phagocytosis begins when the particle binds to a plasma membrane receptor on the phagocyte, causing it to extend pseudopods, projections of its plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Pseudopods surround the particle outside the cell, and the membranes fuse to form a vesicle called a phagosome, which enters the cytoplasm. The phagosome fuses with one or more lysosomes, and lysosomal enzymes break down the ingested material.

43
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

The production of RBCs, starts in the red bone marrow with a precursor cell called a proerythroblast. The proerythroblast divides several times, producing cells that begin to synthesize haemoglobin. Ultimately, a cell near the end of the development sequence ejects its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte. Loss of the nucleus causes the center of the cell to indent, producing the red blood cell’s distinctive biconcave shape. Reticulocytes retain some mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. They pass from red bone marrow into the bloodstream by squeezing between the endothelial cells of blood capillaries. Reticulocytes develop into mature red blood cells within 1 to 2 days after their release from red bone marrow.

In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the spleen and liver.

44
Q

What is Lymphopoiesis?

A

The generation of lymphocytes, one of the five types of white blood cell (WBC). It is more formally known as lymphoid hematopoiesis.

45
Q

Label the lymph vessels and nodes

A
46
Q

What are lymph nodes?

Length?

A

Nodes- Oval or bean shaped structures located along the length of lymphatic vessels. 1-25mm long, scattered throughout the body usually in groups eg in mammary glands, axillae and groin.

47
Q

Outline the lymph flow?

A

Flow –

Arteries (blood plasma)>

Blood capillaries (blood plasma) >

Interstitial spaces (as interstitial fluid, then excess approx 3 litres per day) >

Lymphatic capillaries (lymph) >

Lymphatic ducts (lymph) >

Subclavian veins (blood plasma).

48
Q

What is lymph flow due to?

A

Lymph Flow

Is due to:

  1. •The pressure of fluid in the tissues
  2. •Muscle action during movement – squeezing lymph vessels with the valves preventing backflow
  3. •The pulsation of the arteries which also squeezes the lymph vessels
  4. •Respiratory motion
  5. •Contraction of smooth muscle in the larger vessels (under sympathetic control)
49
Q

How fast is lymph flow?

From where does lymph fluid pass directly to the thoracic duct?

What is the cisterna chyli?

A
  • Lymph flow is slow, about 2 – 4 litres a day passes through the thoracic duct into the venous system (contrast this with the cardiac output of about 5 litres per minute)
  • Lymph fluid passes through a series of regional lymph nodes before reaching the blood stream
  • Lymph fluid from the thyroid gland, oesophagus & parts of the liver passes directly into the thoracic duct
  • The cisterna chyli (or Cysterna chyli, receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow.

AA Radiographic Anatomy (10 decks)

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