The 4 Ds of Diagnosis

Question 1

Social norms/ cultures affect diagnosis

Answer 1

getting a diagnosis may be shunned in some social norms and cultures

like how smoking used to be cool

so Someone may not even go to the Drs to chat about it

Question 2

Gender diff in diagnossis

Answer 2

Men more likley to bottle emotions and not talk about anything when go to drs.

so less likely to be diagnosed than females

Question 3

what are the 4Ds?

Answer 3

Modern judgment of abnormality are not based on any one criteria

its influenced by interaction of the 4DS: dysfunction distress deviance and dangerousness

4ds are used as an assessment tool to decide whether behavior is abnormal

abnormality may require investigation diagnosis

the purpose of the 4DS is to determine the point a mental health issues might be considered as a mental health disorder

there is no clear difference between normal and an abnormal

this means identifying a mental disorder using the 4Ds is based on the therapists judgment

when using the 4d’s a person’s context and situation must be taken to account

however just because the 4Ds are present dosnt automatically mean the person must be given a psychiatric diagnosis

as it often depends on the contexty behaviour are demonstrated

Question 4

Deviance

Answer 4

Behaviours emotions and thoughts which are different from our social and cultural norms

they are seen as unacceptable by Society, highly deviant behaviors like chronic lying or stealing lead to judgments of abnormality

firstly: how unusual is it statistically as in its rarity

secondly is the behaviour desirable within the social / cultural group

Social norms depend on culture age gender and historical context which are important to note when assessing deviance

All deviant behaviours can’t be classes abnormal as it may be due to situations that they are in

for example grievance or mourning may produce deviant behavior but it would not be abnormal

Behaviors that could be a symptom of deviance include

talking to one self

or talking to somebody who isn’t there

or spontaneous action and such as shouting or laughing

Question 5

Distress

Answer 5

Negative behaviors and feelings that cause distress to the individual or to others around them are considered abnormal

Symptoms caused emotional pain and anxiety to ones self

and maybe even physical pains such as aches or tiredness

again it could be normal depending on the situation they’re in

for example losing a job etc

behaviors that are linked to symptoms of distress include

chronic clinical depression

and spontaneous PTSD

Question 6

Dysfunction

Answer 6

Behaviors and feelings are dysfunctional when they interfere the person’s ability to function in daily life

for example to hold a job or form relationships

it cannot be used the criteria on its own as dysfunction can be debatable as its situational

Some behaviours where it may be a symptom of dysfunction include

spontaneous screams

depressions

and anti-social personality disorder apparently

Question 7

Danger

Answer 7

Behaviours and feelings of the potentially harmful to an individual or the individuals around them

These behaviours and feelings are seen as abnormal

Behaviours where it may be a symptom of danger would be

spontaneous bursts of anger or aggression and violence

especially if it’s oblivious to them

and in a public place

Question 8

4Ds

Davis 2009 +

Answer 8

Davis 2009

Showed how the 4DS can be used with the DSM 4TR he also added a 5D duration

The four Davis is good evidence to support the use of the 4DS

Question 9

4Ds

applicatiin

Answer 9

The four diesel practical application to professionals when considering patients behaviors symptoms and issues as it can help them form a clinical diagnosis

Question 10

4Ds

Supports validity of DSM v

and dsm 5 supports it +

Answer 10

The 4D support the validity of the dsm-5 as a diagnosis classification system

As various diagnoses are shown to focus on specific D’s showing that each one of the 4D his house value

meaning the dsm5 supports the use of the 4DS as a way of making clinical diagnoses

confirmed by the research of davis 2009

Question 11

4Ds

Subjective-

Answer 11

It’s subjective in its application of the 4DS as professionals views of dysfunction may not be considered as dysfunctional by the individuals themselves

as they may be more of a dysfunction for Society than the individual

showing how the application of the 4d’s by professionals is subjective as the professional decide whether or not the behaviors shown this may be disciplined by the individuals

Question 12

4Ds

Reliability issues

Answer 12

Dudes for lack of objectivity it raised the issues of reliability as if the 4DS are used by two professionals they may not reach the same conclusion about a mental disorder

due to the application of the 4DS being subjective therefore

meaning that the 4DS application cannot be reliable as different results may turn up depending on who is playing the 4Ds

Question 13

4Ds

davis 2009 weakness

Answer 13

It could be claimed that as Davis 2009 suggested adding a 5D which was duration

the 4DS themselves are insufficient as a tool for diagnosis which is in fact a criticism

Question 14

REMINDER

RELIABILITY VS VALIDITY

Answer 14

reliability = consistency and replicability

validity = accuracy